Back كبد دهني Arabic قارا جییر یاغلانماسی AZB Esteatosi hepàtica Catalan چەوری جگەر CKB Steatóza jater Czech Fettleber German Esteatosis hepática Spanish کبد چرب Persian Rasvamaksa Finnish Stéatose hépatique French

Fatty liver disease

Fatty liver
Other namesHepatic steatosis
Micrograph showing a fatty liver (macrovesicular steatosis), as seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Trichrome stain.
SpecialtyGastroenterology
SymptomsNone, tiredness, pain in the upper right side of the abdomen[1][2]
ComplicationsCirrhosis, liver cancer, esophageal varices[1][3]
TypesNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease[1]
CausesAlcohol, diabetes, obesity[3][1]
Diagnostic methodBased on the medical history supported by blood tests, medical imaging, liver biopsy[1]
Differential diagnosisViral hepatitis, Wilson disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis[3]
TreatmentAvoiding alcohol, weight loss[3][1]
PrognosisGood if treated early[3]
FrequencyNAFLD: 30% (Western countries)[2]
ALD: >90% of heavy drinkers[4]

Fatty liver disease (FLD), also known as hepatic steatosis and steatotic liver disease (SLD), is a condition where excess fat builds up in the liver.[1] Often there are no or few symptoms.[1][2] Occasionally there may be tiredness or pain in the upper right side of the abdomen.[1] Complications may include cirrhosis, liver cancer, and esophageal varices.[1][3]

The main subtypes of fatty liver disease are metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" (NAFLD)) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), with the category "metabolic and alcohol associated liver disease" (metALD) describing an overlap of the two.[5]

The primary risks include alcohol, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.[1][3] Other risk factors include certain medications such as glucocorticoids, and hepatitis C.[1] It is unclear why some people with NAFLD develop simple fatty liver and others develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with poorer outcomes.[1] Diagnosis is based on the medical history supported by blood tests, medical imaging, and occasionally liver biopsy.[1]

Treatment of NAFLD is generally by dietary changes and exercise to bring about weight loss.[1] In those who are severely affected, liver transplantation may be an option.[1] More than 90% of heavy drinkers develop fatty liver while about 25% develop the more severe alcoholic hepatitis.[4] NAFLD affects about 30% of people in Western countries and 10% of people in Asia.[2] NAFLD affects about 10% of children in the United States.[1] It occurs more often in older people and males.[3][6]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease & NASH". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Singh S, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK (28 September 2017). "Treatment options for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (36): 6549–6570. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6549. PMC 5643281. PMID 29085205.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Antunes C, Azadfard M, Hoilat GJ, Gupta M (2022). "Fatty Liver". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28723021.
  4. ^ a b Basra S (2011). "Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis". World Journal of Hepatology. 3 (5): 108–113. doi:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108. PMC 3124876. PMID 21731902.
  5. ^ Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, Romero D, Abdelmalek MF, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Arrese M, Bataller R, Beuers U, Boursier J, Bugianesi E (2023). "A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature". Hepatology. 78 (6): 1966–1986. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520. hdl:10807/245116. ISSN 0270-9139. PMC 10653297. PMID 37363821. S2CID 259260747.
  6. ^ Iser D, Ryan M (July 2013). "Fatty liver disease—a practical guide for GPs". Australian Family Physician. 42 (7): 444–7. PMID 23826593.

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