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Finno-Ugric languages

Finno-Ugric
Finno-Ugrian
Geographic
distribution		Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, North Asia
Linguistic classificationUralic
  • Finno-Ugric
Subdivisions
Language codes
ISO 639-2 / 5fiu
GlottologNone
The Finno-Ugric languages

Finno-Ugric (/ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːɡrɪk, -ˈuː-/)[a][1] is a traditional linguistic grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except for the Samoyedic languages. Its once commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio.[2][3] The three most spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric.

The term Finno-Ugric, which originally referred to the entire family, is sometimes used as a synonym for the term Uralic, which includes the Samoyedic languages, as commonly happens when a language family is expanded with further discoveries.[4][5][6] Before the 20th century, the language family might be referred to as Finnish, Ugric, Finno-Hungarian or with a variety of other names.[7] The name Finno-Ugric came into general use in the late 19th or early 20th century.[8][9]


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  1. ^ Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 4 September 2012 from website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Finno-Ugric Archived 11 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Tapani Salminen, "The rise of the Finno-Ugric language family." In Carpelan, Parpola, & Koskikallio (eds.), Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: linguistic and archaeological considerations. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 242; Helsinki 2001. 385–396.[1] Archived 30 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  4. ^ Tommola, Hannu (2010). "Finnish among the Finno-Ugrian languages". Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 155. ISBN 978-90-272-0587-2.
  5. ^ "Introduction". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages: liv–lvi. 24 March 2022. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.002.0013. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
  6. ^ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). "The Uralic Languages". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 90 (3): 1001–1027. doi:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272.
  7. ^ Sommer, Łukasz (1 January 2023). "Conceptualizing language kinship or How Finnocentric is Finno-Ugricity?". Academia.edu.
  8. ^ Décsy, Guyla (1965). Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 1.
  9. ^ Hajdú, Péter (1998). "A magyar–ugor vs. altaji összehasonlítótól az uráli nyelvészetig (via finnugor)". In Domokos, Péter; Csepregi, Márta (eds.). 125 éves a Budapesti Finnugor Tanszék: jubileumi kötet [From the Hungarian-Ugric vs. Altaic comparative study to Uralic linguistics (via Finno-Ugric)]. Urálisztikai tanulmányok (in Hungarian). Budapest: ELTE, BFT. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-963-463-213-9.

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