Back Frühere Liang German Liang antérieur French Chhièn-Liòng HAK Raniji Liang Croatian 前涼 Japanese 전량 Korean Түрүү Лян Mongolian Tidlige Liang NB Ранняя Лян Russian Raniji Liang Serbo-Croatian
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Former Liang (前涼) 西平, 涼 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 301–376 | |||||||||
.jpg) Former Liang in the northwest | |||||||||
| Status | Vassal of Eastern Jin, Han Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Qin | ||||||||
| Capital | Guzang | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Duke/Prince | |||||||||
• 301–314 | Zhang Gui | ||||||||
• 314–320 | Zhang Shi | ||||||||
• 320–324 | Zhang Mao | ||||||||
• 324–346 | Zhang Jun | ||||||||
• 346–353 | Zhang Chonghua | ||||||||
• 353 | Zhang Yaoling | ||||||||
• 353–355 | Zhang Zuo | ||||||||
• 355–363 | Zhang Xuanjing | ||||||||
• 363–376 | Zhang Tianxi | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Zhang Gui's appointment as Inspector of Liang Province | 301 | ||||||||
• Zhang Shi's retention of Emperor Min's reign era | 318 | ||||||||
• Zhang Mao's acceptance of Prince of Liang title | 323 | ||||||||
• Zhang Jun's proclamation as Acting Prince of Liang | 345 | ||||||||
• Zhang Zuo's formal rejection of Eastern Jin suzerainty | 354 | ||||||||
• Zhang Xuanjing's formal acceptance of Eastern Jin suzerainty | 361 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 September[1][2] 376 | ||||||||
• Zhang Tianxi's death | 406 | ||||||||
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash (Wu Zhu) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kyrgyzstan Mongolia | ||||||||
The Former Liang (Chinese: 前涼; pinyin: Qián Liáng; 301[a]–376) was a dynastic state, and one of the Sixteen Kingdoms, in Chinese history. It was founded by Zhang Shi[3] of the Han Chinese Zhang family. Its territories included present-day Gansu and parts of Ningxia, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang.[4]
All rulers of the Former Liang remained largely titularly under the court of the Eastern Jin dynasty as the Duke of Xiping except Zhang Zuo who proclaimed himself emperor (or king). However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the king title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to their powerful neighbour states—initially the Former Zhao, then the Later Zhao, and finally the Former Qin. As the early rulers did not explicitly declare their independence, the official year of Former Liang's establishment is up to interpretation, but no earlier than 301, the year when Zhang Gui was appointed Inspector of Liang province. Historiographers gave the state the prefix of "Former" to distinguish it from the Di-led Later Liang that came after them, along with the other Liang states of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern Liang, Northern Liang and Western Liang.
- ^ "中央研究院網站".
- ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 104.
- ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical dictionary of medieval China. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press (published 2008). pp. 661–667. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7. OCLC 164803666.
- ^ Dien, Albert E.; Knapp, Keith N., eds. (2019-11-07). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 133. doi:10.1017/9781139107334. ISBN 978-1-139-10733-4.
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