Four Modernizations

Four Modernizations
Traditional Chinese現代化
Simplified Chinese现代化
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinsì gè xiàndàihuà
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingsei3 go3 jin6 doi6 faa3

The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals formally announced by China's first Premier Zhou Enlai to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology in China.[1][2][3] The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China's economy in 1977, following the death of Mao Zedong, and later were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping's tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of "Reform and Opening-up", Deng further proposed the idea of "xiaokang" or "Moderately prosperous society" in 1979.[4][5]

  1. ^ Ogden, Chris (March 21, 2019). "'Four Modernizations'". A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-184812-4. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference ScienceTechnology was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. "Four Modernizations Era". A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. University of Washington. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  4. ^ "从"小康"到"全面小康"——邓小平小康社会理论形成和发展述论--邓小平纪念网--人民网". People's Daily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  5. ^ "Meet "moderately prosperous" China". worldin.economist.com. November 21, 2019. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.

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