Francisc Iosif Rainer | |
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 Rainer in 1914 | |
| Born | December 28, 1874 |
| Died | August 4, 1944 (aged 69) |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Alma mater | University of Bucharest |
| Known for | founding the Romanian anatomical and anthropological schools |
| Spouse | Marta Trancu-Rainer |
| Scientific career | |
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| Institutions | |
| Academic advisors | Victor Babeș |
| Notable students | Gheorghe Brătescu, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, Zalman Iagnov, Benedict M. Menkeș, Ștefan Milcu, George Emil Palade, Grigore T. Popa, Alfred Teitel, Ion Țurai |
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Francisc Iosif Rainer (December 28, 1874 – August 4, 1944) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist. From an immigrant family, he earned early recognition for his experimental work in anatomy, and helped reform Romanian medical science. He spent much of his youth training himself in anatomical pathology and the various areas of natural science, gaining direct experience as a microbiologist, surgeon, and military physician. With teaching positions at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, where he established specialized sections, Rainer became a noted promoter of science and an innovator in his field. He notably favored and introduced the anatomical study of "functional structures", and was in particular preoccupied with issues pertaining to ontogenesis and kinesiology. An intellectual influence on several generations of doctors, his wife was Marta Trancu-Rainer, Romania's first female surgeon.
In addition to his experimental approach, Rainer is remembered as a talented pedagogue and public speaker, who took public stances in defense of his social and cultural ideals. Vilified by the far-right for his left-wing stances, he blended progressivism with genetic determinism, and, although an adept of eugenics, condemned scientific racism. He was notably involved with Dimitrie Gusti's project of rural sociology, contributing an anthropological record of several isolated villages on the Carpathian slopes. During his lifetime, Rainer also set up a large collection of craniums and skeletons, which became the centerpiece of his Bucharest anthropology department.