Back غاليليو (نظام ملاحة) Arabic جاليليو ARZ Галілеа (спадарожнікавая сістэма навігацыі) Byelorussian Галилео (навигационна система) Bulgarian গ্যালিলিও (উপগ্রহ ন্যাভিগেশন) Bengali/Bangla Galileo (navegació per satèl·lit) Catalan Galileo (navigační systém) Czech Galileo positionssystem Danish Galileo (Satellitennavigation) German Galileo Greek
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| Country/ies of origin | European Union |
|---|---|
| Operator(s) | EUSPA, ESA |
| Type | Civilian, commercial |
| Status | Initial services[1][2][3] |
| Coverage | Global |
| Accuracy | 20 cm (public since 24 January 2023) |
| Constellation size | |
| Nominal satellites | 30 (24 active + 6 spares)[4] |
| Current usable satellites | 25 usable (09/2024)[2] |
| First launch | 28 December 2005 |
| Last launch | 17 September 2024 |
| Total launches | 15 |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Regime(s) | 3 × MEO planes |
| Orbital height | 23222 km |
| Orbital period | 10⁄17 sd (about 14 hours 4 minutes 45 seconds) |
| Revisit period | 10 sidereal days |
| Other details | |
| Cost | €10 billion[5] (initial constellation) |
| Website | gsc-europa.eu (European GNSS Service Centre) |
| Geodesy |
|---|
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Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA) and operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA).[6] It is headquartered in Prague, Czechia,[7] with two ground operations centres in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany (mostly responsible for the control of the satellites), and in Fucino, Italy, (mostly responsible for providing the navigation data).[8] The €10 billion project went live in 2016.[5][9][10] It is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.
One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an independent high-precision positioning system so European political and military authorities do not have to rely on the US GPS, or the Russian GLONASS systems, which could be disabled or degraded by their operators at any time.[11] The use of basic (lower-precision) Galileo services is free and open to everyone. A fully encrypted higher-precision service is available for free to government-authorized users.[12][13] Galileo is also to provide a new global search and rescue (SAR) function as part of the MEOSAR system.
The first Galileo test satellite GIOVE-A was launched 28 December 2005, while the first satellite to be part of the operational system was launched on 21 October 2011. Galileo started offering Early Operational Capability (EOC) on 15 December 2016,[1] providing initial services with a weak signal.[14] In October 2018, four more Galileo satellites were brought online, increasing the number of active satellites to 18.[15] In November 2018, the FCC approved use of Galileo in the US.[16] As of September 2024, there are 25 launched satellites that operate in the constellation.[17][18][19] It is expected that the next generation of satellites will begin to become operational after 2026 to replace the first generation, which can then be used for backup capabilities.
The Galileo system has a greater accuracy than GPS, having an accuracy of less than 1 m when using broadcast ephemeris (GPS: 3 m)[20] and a signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) of 1.6 cm (GPS: 2.3 cm) when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks.[21][22]
- ^ a b "Galileo begins serving the globe" (Press release). European Space Agency. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Constellation Information | European GNSS Service Centre". www.gsc-europa.eu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ "NAGUs (Notice Advisory to Galileo Users) | European GNSS Service Centre". www.gsc-europa.eu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ https://www.euspa.europa.eu/eu-space-programme/galileo/faqs/what-does-galileo-consist
- ^ a b "Brexit is breaking up Europe's €10 billion plan to launch a new constellation of satellites". Quartz. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ "On a Civil Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) between the European Community and its Member States and Ukraine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ "The opening ceremony of GSA Agency's headquarters was attended by VIPs in space activities and satellite navigation". czechspaceportal.cz (in Czech). 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ "Galileo: Europas Navigationssatellitennetz komplett ausgefallen - WELT".
- ^ "Galileo navigational system enters testing stage". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "Galileo Initial Services". gsa.europa.eu. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ "Why Europe needs Galileo". ESA. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- ^ "Directions 2018: Galileo ascendant". GPS World. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "EU Space Policy: Galileo". European Commission Defense Industry and Space. European Commission. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
- ^ "Galileo Future and Evolutions". European Space Agency. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ^ "Four more Galileo satellites brought online". Euspa.europa.eu. 26 October 2018.
- ^ "FCC approves use of Galileo in the US". Galileo. 19 November 2018.
- ^ "Constellation Information | European GNSS Service Centre". www.gsc-europa.eu. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Galileo Elliptical Auxiliary Satellites Removed from Service". Inside GNSS. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ Hadas, Tomasz; Kazmierski, Kamil; Sośnica, Krzysztof (7 August 2019). "Performance of Galileo-only dual-frequency absolute positioning using the fully serviceable Galileo constellation". GPS Solutions. 23 (4): 108. Bibcode:2019GPSS...23..108H. doi:10.1007/s10291-019-0900-9.
- ^ "After 13 years, Galileo satellite navigation complete at last". De Ingenieur (in Dutch).
- ^ Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020). "Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions". GPS Solutions. 24 (111). Bibcode:2020GPSS...24..111K. doi:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6.
- ^ Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław; Strugarek, Dariusz (2020). "Toward the 1-cm Galileo orbits: challenges in modeling of perturbing forces". Journal of Geodesy. 94 (16): 16. Bibcode:2020JGeod..94...16B. doi:10.1007/s00190-020-01342-2.