Back Gelaohui German Gelaohui Spanish Gelaohui ID 哥老会 Japanese 가로회 Korean Gelaohui NB Гэлаохой Russian Gelaohui Serbo-Croatian گېلاۋخۇي UG 袍哥会 Chinese
| Formation | Qianlong period (one theory)[1] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Founded at | Sichuan | ||||||||
| Dissolved | after 1949 | ||||||||
| Type | Secret society | ||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 哥老會 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 哥老会 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Gelaohui, usually translated as the Elder Brothers Society,[2] was a secret society and underground resistance movement against the Qing Dynasty. Although it was not associated with Sun Yat-sen's Tongmenghui, they both participated in the Xinhai Revolution. It was also known as Futaubang, or Hatchet Gang,[3] as every member allegedly carried a small hatchet inside the sleeve.
Li Hanzhang (李瀚章), the governor of Hunan in the Qing Dynasty, stated in the memorial that the Gelaohui "originated in Sichuan and Guizhou for a long time",[4] the society engaged in several uprisings across China, notably in Hunan province during 1870 and 1871. Numerous individuals notable in late-19th and early-20th Chinese history (including Zhu De, Wu Yuzhang, Liu Zhidan and He Long) were Gelaohui members.[5]
Strongly xenophobic and anti-Manchu Qing, the Gelaohui were active in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, as well as taking part in attacks on Catholic missions and converts in 1912.[6][7][8]
Originally quite willing to take on other "oppressed" Chinese minorities, several Chinese Muslim Gelaohui members participated in the Ningxia Revolution,[9] and there was a substantial number of Muslim Gelaohui in Shaanxi.[10]
During the Xinhai Revolution of Xinjiang, there were fightings related to the Elder Brothers Society.[11]
- ^ Carl Whitney Jacobson (1993). Brotherhood and Society: The Shaanxi Gelaohui, 1867–1912. University of Michigan. pp. 21–.
- ^ Xiaofei Kang; Donald S. Sutton (23 June 2016). Contesting the Yellow Dragon: Ethnicity, Religion, and the State in the Sino-Tibetan Borderland. Brill Publishers. pp. 153–. ISBN 978-90-04-31923-3.
- ^ Jianhua, Chang (15 December 2019). "The Qing Dynasty Ministry of Justice Memorials and 'The New History'". Frontiers of History in China. 14 (4): 575–630. doi:10.3868/s020-008-019-0027-5.
- ^ Modern Chinese History. Book and Newspaper Information Agency of Renmin University of China. 1982. pp. 4–.
- ^ Jens Bangsbo; Thomas Reilly; Mike Hughes (1997). Science and Football III. Taylor & Francis. p. 105. ISBN 0-419-22160-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Ann Heylen (2004). Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 203. ISBN 90-5867-418-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Carl Whitney Jacobson (1993). Brotherhood and society: the Shaanxi Gelaohui, 1867–1912. University of Michigan. pp. 34, 267, 276. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Robert H. Felsing (1979). The heritage of Han: the Gelaohui and the 1911 revolution in Sichuan. University of Iowa. pp. 34, 85 88. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 182, 183. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Park Sang Soo, La révolution chinoise et les sociétés secrètes, thèse de doctorat, Ehess.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1.