Back اختلافات جنسية في الانتحار Arabic Diferencia de género en el suicidio Spanish خودکشی بر اساس جنسیت Persian Différences liées au genre dans le suicide French Differenze di genere nel suicidio Italian 성별에 따른 자살률 차이 Korean Diferenças de género no suicídio Portuguese Гендерные различия в самоубийствах Russian خودکشی وچ صِنفی فرق SKR خود کشی میں صنفی فرق Urdu

Gender differences in suicide

World map of male to female ratios of suicide rates in 2015 (blue means more male suicides). Below the world maps of male (left) and female (right) suicide rates per 100,000 inhabitants used to derive the ratios (red means higher rates):[1]
  •   Less than 1.0 : 1
  •   Less than 1.7 : 1
  •   Less than 3.0 : 1
  •   Less than 4.0 : 1
  •   4.0 : 1 or greater
  •   No data

Gender differences in suicide rates have been shown to be significant. There are different rates of suicides and suicidal behavior between males and females (among both adults and adolescents).[2][3] While females more often have suicidal thoughts, males die by suicide more frequently.[2][4] This discrepancy is also known as the gender paradox in suicide.[2][3][5]

Globally, death by suicide occurred about 1.8 times more often among males than among females in 2008, and 1.7 times in 2015.[6][7][8] In the Western world, males die by suicide three to four times more often than do females.[6][9] This greater male frequency is increased in those over the age of 65.[10] Suicide attempts are between two and four times more frequent among females.[11][12][13] Researchers have partly attributed the difference between suicide and attempted suicide among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives.[9][14][15] Other reasons, including disparities in the strength or genuineness of suicidal thoughts, have also been given.[2][16][17]

  1. ^ "Suicide rates, age standardized - Data by country". World Health Organization. 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Camille E., Buckner (2018). The Psychology of Sex and Gender. SAGE Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-50-633133-1.
  3. ^ a b Miranda, Regina; Jeglic, Elizabeth L. (2022). Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention: Integrating Research into Practice. Springer Nature. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-03-082465-5.
  4. ^ WHO (2002). "Self-directed violence" (PDF). www.who.int.
  5. ^ Korin, Maya Rom (2016). Health Promotion for Children and Adolescents. Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-48-997711-3.
  6. ^ a b Värnik, P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
  7. ^ "Estimates for 2000–2012". WHO. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  8. ^ "Age-standardized rates, male:female ratio". WHO. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  9. ^ a b David Sue; Derald Wing Sue; Stanley Sue; Diane Sue (2012-01-01). Understanding abnormal behavior (Tenth ed., [student ed.] ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-111-83459-3.
  10. ^ Holzer, Dr Jacob; Kohn, Dr Robert; Ellison, Dr James; Recupero, Dr Patricia (2017). GERIATRIC FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY: Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-19-937466-3.
  11. ^ Chang, B; Gitlin, D; Patel, R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice. 13 (9): 1–23, quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
  12. ^ Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (2015). Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-323-32899-9.
  13. ^ Krug, Etienne G. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization. p. 191. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7.
  14. ^ Updesh Kumar; Manas K Mandal (2010). Suicidal Behaviour: Assessment of People-At-Risk. SAGE Publications India. p. 139. ISBN 978-81-321-0499-5. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  15. ^ Lee Ellis; Scott Hershberger; Evelyn Field; Scott Wersinger; Sergio Pellis; David Geary; Craig Palmer; Katherine Hoyenga; Amir Hetsroni; Kazmer Karadi (2013). Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research. Psychology Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-136-87493-2. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  16. ^ Cibis, Anna; Mergl, Roland; Bramesfeld, Anke; Althaus, David; Niklewski, Günter; Schmidtke, Armin; Hegerl, Ulrich (2012-01-01). "Preference of lethal methods is not the only cause for higher suicide rates in males". Journal of Affective Disorders. 136 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.032. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 21937122.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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