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Genetic history of Italy

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Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population[1]

The genetic history of Italy includes information around the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about the inhabitants of Italy. Modern Italians mostly descend from the ancient peoples of Italy, including Indo-European speakers (Romans and other Latins, Falisci, Picentes, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Magno-Greeks, Cisalpine Gauls and Illyric Iapygians) and pre-Indo-European speakers (Etruscans, Ligures, Rhaetians Camunni, Sicani, Nuragic peoples, as well as settlers from Phoenicia and Carthage). Other groups migrated into Italy as a result of the Roman Empire, when the Italian peninsula attracted people from the various regions of the empire (North Africa, West Asia and the rest of Europe),[2] and during the Middle Ages with the arrival of Ostrogoths, Longobards, Saracens and Normans among others. Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating back to antiquity.[3][4][5][6]

In their admixture ratios, Italians are similar to other Southern Europeans, and that is being of primarily Neolithic Early European Farmer ancestry, along with smaller, but still significant, amounts of Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherer, Bronze Age Steppe pastoralist (Indo-European speakers) and Chalcolithic or Bronze Age Iranian/Caucasus-related ancestry.[4][7][8][9] Southern Italians are closest to the modern Greeks,[10][11] while the Northern Italians are closest to the Spaniards and Southern French.[12][13][14][15][16][17] There is also Bronze/Iron Age West Asian and Middle Eastern admixture in Italy, with a much lower incidence in Northern Italy compared with Central Italy and Southern Italy.[18][8] North African admixture is also found in Southern Italy and the main islands, with the highest incidence being in Sicily and Sardinia.[18][8][4]

  1. ^ Parolo S, Lisa A, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Barlera S, Nicolis EB, et al. (November 2015). "Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population". BMC Genetics. 16: 132. doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x. PMC 4640365. PMID 26553317.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Antonio_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Ralph P, Coop G (2013). "The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe". PLOS Biology. 11 (5): e1001555. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555. PMC 3646727. PMID 23667324.
  4. ^ a b c Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, et al. (September 2019). "Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
  5. ^ Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, et al. (2014). "Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 92 (92): 201–31. doi:10.4436/JASS.92001. PMID 24607994.
  6. ^ Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, et al. (July 2020). "The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10700. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010700M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0. PMC 7329865. PMID 32612271.
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  8. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Marcus_2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Fernandes DM, Mittnik A, Olalde I, Lazaridis I, Cheronet O, Rohland N, et al. (March 2020). "The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (3): 334–345. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4..334F. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0. PMC 7080320. PMID 32094539.
  10. ^ Tian C, Kosoy R, Nassir R, Lee A, Villoslada P, Klareskog L, et al. (2009). "European population genetic substructure: further definition of ancestry informative markers for distinguishing among diverse European ethnic groups". Molecular Medicine. 15 (11–12): 371–383. doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00094. PMC 2730349. PMID 19707526.
  11. ^ «Sicily and Southern Italy were heavily colonized by Greeks beginning in the eight to ninth century B.C.. The demographic development of the Greek colonies in Southern Italy was remarkable, and in classical times this region was called Magna Graecia (Great Greece) because it probably surpassed in numbers the Greek population of the motherland.» Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4.
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  14. ^ Price AL, Butler J, Patterson N, Capelli C, Pascali VL, Scarnicci F, et al. (January 2008). "Discerning the ancestry of European Americans in genetic association studies". PLOS Genetics. 4 (1): e236. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030236. PMC 2211542. PMID 18208327.
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  16. ^ Nelis M, Esko T, Mägi R, Zimprich F, Zimprich A, Toncheva D, et al. (8 May 2009). "Genetic structure of Europeans: a view from the North-East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
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  18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Fiorito_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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