| Goral | |
|---|---|
| Highlander Polish, Highland Polish | |
| górolsko gwara góralsko gwara | |
| Pronunciation | Slavic pronunciation: [ˈɡorɔlskɔ ˈɡvara] |
| Native to | Poland (Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Silesian Voivodeship) Slovakia (Žilina Region, Prešov Region), Hungary, Ukraine, Romania |
| Region | Goral Lands |
| Ethnicity | Gorals |
Native speakers | 50,307 in Slovakia (2023 study)[1] |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Goral, less frequently called Highlander or Highland Polish, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group, more specifically of the Lesser Poland dialect group spoken by the Gorals. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by many languages like Slovak,[2] Rusyn, Hungarian, Romanian and German, being common vocabulary of the Carpathian region.[3] Some consider Goral to be a microlanguage,[4] alongside Silesian and to a lesser extent Masurian.[5]
The term Goral was first used in reference to the ethnolect by Pavol Jozef Šafárik in his book Slowanské starožitnosti,[6][7] and the term derives from the Slavic word for mountain (góra, hora) and the noun-forming suffix denoting people -al.[8]
Due to their isolation, Goral dialects have many influences from Slovak, diverging significantly from the Polish literary standard and other dialects. The resulting system is also quite resilient to effects from Standard Polish, showing a more stable, unique system when compared to other Polish dialects.[9] It is often equated to the Podhale dialect; however, this is only one of the many Goral dialects.[10]
- ^ Ravasz, Ábel; Kovács, Ľuboš; Zamišková, Anna (2023). Atlas rozmanitosti Slovenska: Gorali a Rusíni na Strednom Slovensku (in Slovak). p. 27.
- ^ a b Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 7.
- ^ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 74.
- ^ Artur Czesak (2006). A. Dulichenko; J. Dunn (eds.). "Góralski i śląski - mikrojęzyki literackie in statu nascendi?". Slavic Literary Microlanguages and Language Contacts (in Polish). Kraków.
- ^ Mętrak, Maciej (2017). Unrecognised languages of Poland? The case of nonstandard dialects struggling to protect their identity (in Polish). Polish Academy of Sciences.
- ^ "Gorali z Hladovky a Suchej Hory - Gorali".
- ^ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 18.
- ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2008). Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo literackie. p. 175. ISBN 978-83-08-04191-8.
góral od XVIII w. 'mieszkaniec gór', dial. też gorał (gorol) 'ts.'. Por. cz. horal 'ts.', sic. hora/ 'ts.'. Od góry mn (zob. góra), z przyr. -al (co do budowy por. np. brzydal). Do języka liter, przejęte z gwar płd. (może z gwary podhalańskiej), gdzie prawdopodobnie jest zapożyczeniem ze słowackiego bądź z czeskiego. — Od tego góralka; góralski -> góralszczyzna
. - ^ Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016, pp. 36.
- ^ Artur Białek (12 May 2024). "Gwara góralska niejedno ma imię. Najlepiej zachowała się na Podhalu". national-geographic (in Polish). Archived from the original on August 6, 2024.