Gran Colombia

Republic of Colombia República de Colombia
1819–1831
Flag (1821–1831) Emblem (1821–1831)
Motto: Unión (Spanish)
Anthem: Marcha Libertadora (Spanish)
Territory controlled by Gran Colombia (does not include Mosquito Coast)
Capital	Bogotá
Common languages	Spanish and Indigenous languages
Religion	Roman Catholicism (official)
Government	Federal presidential republic
Presidents
• 1819–1830	Simón Bolívar Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría
• 1830, 1831	Domingo Caycedo
• 1830, 1831	Joaquín Mosquera
• 1830–1831	Rafael Urdaneta
Vice Presidents
• 1819–1820	Francisco Antonio Zea
• 1820–1821	Juan Germán Roscio
• 1821	Antonio Nariño y Álvarez
• 1821	José María del Castillo
• 1821–1827	Francisco de Paula Santander
• 1830–1831	Domingo Caycedo
Legislature	Congress
• Upper Chamber	Senate
• Lower Chamber	Chamber of Representatives
History
• Established	December 17,[1] 1819
• Constitution of Cúcuta	August 30, 1821
• Colombia – Peru War	1828–1829
• Dissolution	November 19, 1831
Area
• Total	3,064,800[2] km2 (1,183,300 sq mi)
Population
• 1825	2,583,799[3]
• Density	0.84/km2 (2.2/sq mi)
Currency	Piastra
Preceded by Succeeded by Viceroyalty of New Granada Captaincy General of Venezuela American Confederation of Venezuela Republic of New Granada State of Venezuela Ecuador British Guiana

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Pre-Columbian period pre-1499 Spanish colonization 1499–1550 New Kingdom of Granada 1550–1717 Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717–1819 United Provinces of New Granada 1810–1816 Gran Colombia 1819–1831 Republic of New Granada 1831–1858 Granadine Confederation 1858–1863 United States of Colombia 1863–1886 Republic of Colombia 1886–present
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Gran Colombia (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡɾaŋ koˈlombja] ^ⓘ, "Great Colombia"), or Greater Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia), was a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern North America (aka southern Central America) from 1819 to 1831. It included present-day Colombia, mainland Ecuador (i.e. excluding the Galápagos Islands), Panama, and Venezuela, along with parts of northern Peru, northwestern Brazil, and claimed the Essequibo region. The terms Gran Colombia and Greater Colombia are used historiographically to distinguish it from the current Republic of Colombia,^[4] which is also the official name of the former state.

However, international recognition of the legitimacy of the Gran Colombian state ran afoul of European opposition to the independence of states in the Americas. Austria, France, and Russia only recognized independence in the Americas if the new states accepted monarchs from European dynasties. In addition, Colombia and the international powers disagreed over the extension of the Colombian territory and its boundaries.^[5]

Gran Colombia was proclaimed through the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia, issued during the Congress of Angostura (1819), but did not come into being until the Congress of Cúcuta (1821) promulgated the Constitution of Cúcuta.

Gran Colombia was constituted as a unitary centralist state.^[6] Its existence was marked by a struggle between those who supported a centralized government with a strong presidency and those who supported a decentralized, federal form of government. At the same time, another political division emerged between those who supported the Constitution of Cúcuta and two groups who sought to do away with the Constitution, either in favor of breaking up the country into smaller republics or maintaining the union but creating an even stronger presidency. The faction that favored constitutional rule coalesced around Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander, while those who supported the creation of a stronger presidency were led by President Simón Bolívar. The two of them had been allies in the war against Spanish rule, but by 1825, their differences had become public and were an important part of the political instability from that year onward.

Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1831 due to the political differences that existed between supporters of federalism and centralism, as well as regional tensions among the peoples that made up the republic. It broke into the successor states of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela; Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903. Since Gran Colombia's territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast, as well as most of Esequiba.