Granada War

Granada War
	Part of the Reconquista
	; The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz: Muhammad XII (Boabdil) surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella.
Date	December 1481 or February 1482 – 2 January 1492
Location	Southeastern Iberia
Result	Christian victory; End of the Reconquista;
Belligerents
Union of the Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon	Emirate of Granada
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand II of Aragon; Isabella I of Castile	Abu'l-Hasan Ali †; Muhammad XIII †; Muhammad XII
Casualties and losses
Unknown	100,000 dead or enslaved (including civilians)

The Granada War (Spanish: Guerra de Granada), also called Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1481–1492,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] was a series of military campaigns between 1481 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.

The ten-year war was not a continuous effort but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter. The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war, while the Christians were generally unified. The Granadans were also bled economically by the tribute (Old Spanish: paria) they had to pay Castile to avoid being attacked and conquered. The war saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required long sieges. On January 2, 1492, Muhammad XII of Granada (King Boabdil) surrendered the Emirate of Granada, the city of Granada, and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces.

The war was a joint project between Isabella's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand's Crown of Aragon. The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile, and Granada was annexed into Castile's territory. The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans. Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands, while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated their power.

The aftermath of war brought to an end coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula: Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492, and by 1501, all of Granada's Muslims were obliged to convert to Christianity, become slaves, or be exiled; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain. "New Christians" (conversos) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism.^[8] Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism. The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada, and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista.

^ Kamen, Henry. "Spain 1469–1714 A Society of Conflict." Third edition. pp. 37–38
^ Kohn 2006, p. 666.
^ Charles 2004, p. 1072-1073.
^ Changqi 1999, p. 497-498.
^ Cliff 2004, p. 83.
^ "War - 67 Bloody Christian Conflicts". 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
^ "Je, dini ni upendo au ni chuki? Vita na mauaji yaliyokithiri". 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
^ Harvey, L. P. (2005). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6.

[1] Kamen, Henry. "Spain 1469–1714 A Society of Conflict." Third edition. pp. 37–38

[FOOTNOTEKohn2006666-2] Kohn 2006, p. 666.

[FOOTNOTECharles20041072-1073-3] Charles 2004, p. 1072-1073.

[FOOTNOTEChangqi1999497-498-4] Changqi 1999, p. 497-498.

[FOOTNOTECliff200483-5] Cliff 2004, p. 83.

[6] "War - 67 Bloody Christian Conflicts". 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2024-09-02.

[7] "Je, dini ni upendo au ni chuki? Vita na mauaji yaliyokithiri". 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2024-09-02.

[8] Harvey, L. P. (2005). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6.

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