HMS Hood

Hood, 17 March 1924
History
United Kingdom
Name	Hood
Namesake	Admiral Samuel Hood
Ordered	7 April 1916
Builder	John Brown & Company
Cost	£6,025,000
Yard number	460
Laid down	1 September 1916
Launched	22 August 1918
Commissioned	15 May 1920
In service	1920–1941
Identification	Pennant number: 51
Motto	Ventis Secundis (Latin: "With Favourable Winds")[1]
Nickname(s)	The Mighty Hood
Fate	Sunk by the Bismarck during an engagement on 24 May 1941
Badge	A Cornish chough bearing an anchor facing left over the date 1859[2]
General characteristics
Class and type	Admiral-class battlecruiser
Displacement	46,680 long tons (47,430 t) (deep load)
Length	860 ft 7 in (262.3 m)
Beam	104 ft 2 in (31.8 m)
Draught	32 ft (9.8 m)
Installed power	24 Yarrow boilers 144,000 shp (107,000 kW)
Propulsion	4 shafts; 4 geared steam turbines
Speed	32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph)
Range	5,332 nautical miles (9,875 km; 6,136 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) (1931)
Complement	1,433 (1919)
Armament	As built: 4 × twin 15 in (381 mm) guns 12 × single 5.5 in (140 mm) guns 4 × single 4 in (102 mm) AA guns 6 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes 1941, as sunk: 4 × twin 15 in guns 7 × twin 4 in AA guns 3 × octuple 2 pdr (40 mm) AA guns 4 × quadruple 0.5 in (12.7 mm) MGs 5 × 20-barrel "Unrotated Projectile" mounts 4 × 21 in torpedo tubes
Armour	Belt: 6–12 in (152–305 mm) Decks: 0.75–3 in (19–76 mm) Barbettes: 5–12 in (127–305 mm) Turrets: 11–15 in (279–381 mm)

HMS Hood (pennant number 51) was a battlecruiser of the Royal Navy (RN). Hood was the first of the planned four Admiral-class battlecruisers to be built during the First World War. Already under construction when the Battle of Jutland occurred in mid-1916, that battle revealed serious flaws in her design, and despite drastic revisions she was completed four years later. For this reason, she was the only ship of her class to be completed, as the Admiralty decided it would be better to start with a clean design on succeeding battlecruisers, leading to the never-built G-3 class. Despite the appearance of newer and more modern ships, Hood remained the largest warship in the world for 20 years after her commissioning, and her prestige was reflected in her nickname, "The Mighty Hood".

Hood was involved in many showing-the-flag exercises between her commissioning in 1920 and the outbreak of war in 1939, including training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and a circumnavigation of the globe with the Special Service Squadron in 1923 and 1924. She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet following the outbreak of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935. When the Spanish Civil War broke out the following year, Hood was officially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet until she had to return to Britain in 1939 for an overhaul. By this time, advances in naval gunnery had reduced Hood's usefulness. She was scheduled to undergo a major rebuild in 1941 to correct these issues, but the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 kept the ship in service without the upgrades.

When war with Germany was declared, Hood was operating in the area around Iceland, and she spent the next several months hunting for German commerce raiders and blockade runners between Iceland and the Norwegian Sea. After a brief overhaul of her propulsion system, she sailed as the flagship of Force H, and participated in the destruction of the French fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. Transferred to the Home Fleet shortly afterwards, Hood was dispatched to Scapa Flow, and operated in the area as a convoy escort and later as a defence against a potential German invasion fleet. In May 1941, Hood and the battleship Prince of Wales were ordered to intercept the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, which were en route to the Atlantic, where they were to attack convoys. On 24 May 1941, early in the Battle of the Denmark Strait, Hood was struck by several German shells, exploded, and sank with the loss of all but 3 of her crew of 1,418.

The RN conducted two inquiries into the reasons for the ship's quick demise. The first, held soon after the ship's loss, concluded that Hood's aft magazine had exploded after one of Bismarck's shells penetrated the ship's armour. A second inquiry was held after complaints that the first board had failed to consider alternative explanations, such as an explosion of the ship's torpedoes. It was more thorough than the first board but concurred with the first board's conclusion. Despite the official explanation, some historians continued to believe that the torpedoes caused the ship's loss, while others proposed an accidental explosion inside one of the ship's gun turrets that reached down into the magazine. Other historians have concentrated on the cause of the magazine explosion. The discovery of the ship's wreck in 2001 confirmed the conclusion of both boards, although the exact reason the magazines detonated is likely to remain unknown, since that portion of the ship was obliterated in the explosion.