Hadean

Hadean
Hadean
Chronology
−4500 — – — – −4000 — – — – −3500 — – — – −3000 — – — – −2500 — – — – −2000 — – — – −1500 — – — – −1000 — – — – −500 — – — – 0 —	Precambrian Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phaner; ozoic Eoarchean Paleoarchean Mesoarchean Neoarchean Paleoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
	(in millions of years)
Etymology
Synonym(s)	Priscoan Period; Harland et al., 1989;
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Definition
Chronological unit	Eon
Stratigraphic unit	Eonothem
First proposed by	Preston Cloud, 1972
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	(4567.30 ± 0.16) Ma;
Lower GSSA ratified	October 5th, 2022
Upper boundary definition	Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages
Upper boundary GSSA	Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada; 65°10′26″N 115°33′14″W / 65.1738°N 115.5538°W
Upper GSSA ratified	2023

The Hadean (/heɪˈdiːən, ˈheɪdiən/ hay-DEE-ən, HAY-dee-ən) is the first and oldest of the four known geologic eons of Earth's history, starting with the planet's formation about 4.6 billion years ago^[3]^[4] (estimated 4567.30 ± 0.16 million years ago^[1] set by the age of the oldest solid material in the Solar System found in some meteorites about 4.567 billion years old^[5]), and ended 4.031 billion years ago. The interplanetary collision that created the Moon occurred early in this eon. The Hadean eon was succeeded by the Archean eon, with the Late Heavy Bombardment hypothesized to have occurred at the Hadean-Archean boundary.

Hadean rocks are very rare, largely consisting of granular zircons from one locality (Jack Hills) in Western Australia.^[6] Hadean geophysical models remain controversial among geologists: plate tectonics and the growth of cratons into continents may have started in the Hadean, but there is still uncertainty.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Earth in the early Hadean had a very thick hydride-rich atmosphere whose composition likely resembled the solar nebula and the gas giants, with mostly water vapor, methane and ammonia. As the Earth's surface cooled, vaporized atmospheric water condensed into liquid water and eventually a superocean covering nearly all of the planet was formed, turning Earth into an ocean planet. Volcanic outgassing and asteroid bombardments further altered the Hadean atmosphere eventually into the nitrogen- and carbon dioxide-rich, weakly reducing Paleoarchean atmosphere.

^ ^a ^b ^c Cohen, Kim (October 2022). "New edition of the Chart - 2022-10". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 16 January 2023. 2022/10 - Hadean: GSSA instated as ratified by IUGS (5-10-2022). The GSSA is 4,567.30 ± 0.16 Ma.
^ "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ "Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
^ Strachan, R.; Murphy, J.B.; Darling, J.; Storey, C.; Shields, G. (2020). "Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)". In Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M. (eds.). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 482–483. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00016-4. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2. S2CID 229513433.
^ Korenaga, J (2021). "Was There Land on the Early Earth?". Life. 11 (11): 1142. Bibcode:2021Life...11.1142K. doi:10.3390/life11111142. PMC 8623345. PMID 34833018.
^ Cite error: The named reference Dhuime2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Harrison2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Windley2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Cohen2022-1] Cohen, Kim (October 2022). "New edition of the Chart - 2022-10". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 16 January 2023. 2022/10 - Hadean: GSSA instated as ratified by IUGS (5-10-2022). The GSSA is 4,567.30 ± 0.16 Ma.

[GSSP_Web-2] "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 29 October 2023.

[3] Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Retrieved 2022-10-02.

[4] "Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 2022-10-03.

[GeolTimeScale2020-5] Strachan, R.; Murphy, J.B.; Darling, J.; Storey, C.; Shields, G. (2020). "Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)". In Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M. (eds.). Geologic Time Scale 2020. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 482–483. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00016-4. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2. S2CID 229513433.

[Korenaga2021-6] Korenaga, J (2021). "Was There Land on the Early Earth?". Life. 11 (11): 1142. Bibcode:2021Life...11.1142K. doi:10.3390/life11111142. PMC 8623345. PMID 34833018.

[Dhuime2012-7] Cite error: The named reference Dhuime2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Harrison2009-8] Cite error: The named reference Harrison2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Windley2021-9] Cite error: The named reference Windley2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]