Back علم الحديث Arabic Хәҙис ғилеме Bashkir হাদিস শিক্ষা Bengali/Bangla Ciència del hadit Catalan فەرموودەناسی CKB Ciencia del hadiz Spanish علم حدیث Persian Science du hadith French מדע החדית' HE Ulum hadis ID
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Hadith sciences (Arabic: علم الحديث ʻilm al-ḥadīth "science of hadith", also hadith criticism)[1][Note 1] consists of several religious scholarly disciplines used by Muslim scholars in the study and evaluation of the hadith. ("Science" is used in the sense of a field of study, not to be confused with following the principles of observation and experiment, developing falsifiable hypotheses, etc. of modern science.) The hadith are what most Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as transmitted through chains of narrators.[2] Hadith sciences scholars have aim to determine which of these records are authentic, and which may be fabricated.
For most Muslims, determining authenticity of hadith is enormously important in Islam because along with the Quran, the Sunnah of the Islamic prophet—his words, actions, and the silent approval—are considered the explanation of the divine revelation (wahy), and the record of them (i.e. hadith) provides the basis of Islamic law (Sharia). In addition, while the number of verses pertaining to law in the Quran is relatively few, hadith, for many, give direction on everything from details of religious obligations (such as Ghusl or Wudu, ablutions[3] for salat prayer), to the correct forms of salutations,[4] and the importance of benevolence to slaves.[5] Thus the "great bulk" of the rules of Islamic law are derived from hadith, along with the Quran as a primary source.[6][Note 2]
There are three primary ways to determine the authenticity (sihha) of a hadith: by attempting to determine whether there are "other identical reports from other transmitters"; determining the reliability of the transmitters of the report; and "the continuity of the chain of transmission" of the hadith.[1]
Traditional hadith sciences has been praised by some as "unrivaled, the ultimate in historical criticism",[8] and heavily criticized for failing to filter out a massive amount of hadith "which cannot possibly be authentic".[9] However, both Muslims and western scholars have criticised the hadith. Quranists reject the authority of the hadiths, viewing them as un-Quranic;[10][11] some further claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad.[12][13][14] Many Western scholars consider that few or no hadith can be confidently considered to be the authentic words of Muhammad, and that traditional attempts to determine the authenticity of hadith are flawed due to the potential for the chain of narrators (particularly the earliest parts) to have been fabricated.[15]
- ^ a b Brown 1999, p. 110.
- ^ An Introduction to the Science of Hadith, translated by Eerik Dickinson, from the translator's introduction, p. xiii, Garnet publishing,Reading, U.K., first edition, 2006.
- ^ An-Nawawi, Riyadh As-Salihin, 1975: p.203
- ^ An-Nawawi, Riyadh As-Salihin, 1975: p.168
- ^ An-Nawawi, Riyadh As-Salihin, 1975: p.229
- ^ Forte, David F. (1978). "Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht" (PDF). Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review. 1: 2. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ J.A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad, 2014: p.18
- ^ Brown 1999, p. 99.
- ^ Schacht, Joseph (1959) [1950]. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5.
- ^ "DeRudKR - Kap. 27: Was bedeutet 'Gehorcht dem Gesandten'?". Alrahman (in German). 2006-03-06.
- ^ Dr Rashad Khalifa (2001), Quran, Hadith and Islam (in German), Dr. Rashad Khalifa Ph.D., retrieved 2021-06-12
- ^ "Hadith and the Corruption of the great religion of Islam | Submission.org - Your best source for Submission (Islam)". submission.org. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013.
- ^ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89
- ^ Brown, Daniel W. (2020-01-02), Brown, Daniel W. (ed.), "Western Hadith Studies", The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 39–56, doi:10.1002/9781118638477.ch2, ISBN 978-1-118-63851-4, retrieved 2024-06-26
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