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Harbin

For other uses, see Harbin (disambiguation).

Harbin
哈尔滨市
Ha'erbin, Haerhpin
Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city
Sun Island
Nicknames: 
Ice City, Oriental Paris, Oriental Moscow, The pearl on the swan's neck
Map
Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey)
Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey)
Harbin is located in Heilongjiang
Harbin
Harbin
Location of the city center in Heilongjiang
Harbin is located in China
Harbin
Harbin
Harbin (China)
Coordinates (Heilongjiang Provincial Museum): 45°45′27″N 126°38′27″E / 45.7576°N 126.6409°E / 45.7576; 126.6409
CountryChina
ProvinceHeilongjiang
County-level divisions18 divisions,[1] including 9 urban districts, 2 County-level cities and 7 counties
Settledbefore 1115
Incorporated
 - Town
1898
 - County1905-10-31
 - Municipality1921-02-05
Municipal seatSongbei District
Government
 • TypeSub-provincial city
 • BodyHarbin Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryWang Zhaoli
 • Congress ChairmanZhao Ming
 • MayorSun Zhe
 • CPPCC ChairmanQin Enting
Area
[2]
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city53,068 km2 (20,490 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,454.5 km2 (947.7 sq mi)
 • Metro
10,204.8 km2 (3,940.1 sq mi)
Elevation
150 m (488 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city10,009,854
 • Density190/km2 (490/sq mi)
 • Urban
6,976,136
 • Urban density2,800/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
 • Metro
5,841,929
 • Metro density570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Harbinite, Harbinese
GDP
 • Prefecture-level and sub-provincial cityCN¥ 575.1 billion
US$ 92.3 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 59,027
US$ 9,477
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard)
Postal code
150000
Area code451
ISO 3166 codeCN-HL-01
License plate prefixes黑A, 黑L
ClimateDwa
City flowersLilac
WebsiteHarbin Official Website
Harbin
"Harbin" in Simplified Chinese (top), Traditional Chinese (middle), and Manchu (bottom) characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese哈尔滨
Traditional Chinese哈爾濱
Hanyu PinyinHā'ěrbīn
Literal meaning(Manchu) "Place of drying fishnets" or (Jurchen language) "Swan"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHā'ěrbīn
Bopomofoㄏㄚ   ㄦˇ   ㄅㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhHa'eelbin
Wade–GilesHa1-êrh3-pin1
IPA[xá.àɚpín]
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingHaa1ji5ban1
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ
RomanizationHarbin
Russian name
Russian
RomanizationKharbin
This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

Harbin[a] is the capital of Heilongjiang, China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang, as well as being the city with the second-largest urban population (after Shenyang, Liaoning province) and largest metropolitan population (urban and rural regions together) in Northeast China.[6] Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties, and is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2020 census. The built-up area of Harbin (which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng) had 5,841,929 inhabitants, while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,009,854, making it one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world.

Several differerent etymologies have been offered for the city's name. The city government says the name means "swan" in the Jurchen language,[7] and other sources says that it means a Manchu word meaning "a place for drying fishing nets".[8][9] The settlement grew from a small rural fishing village on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway, the city first prospered as a settlement inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire.[10] In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai.[11] From 1932 until 1945, Harbin was the largest city in the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

Known for its bitterly cold winters, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City (冰城) for its winter tourism and recreations.[12] Harbin is notable for its ice sculpture festival in the winter.[13] Being well known for its historical Russian legacy and architecture, the city is famed for its European influence[14] and serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today.[15] Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.[8] The city was voted "China Top Tourist City" by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004.[8]

Harbin is one of the top 65 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index.[16] The city hosts several major universities in Northeast China, including Harbin Engineering, Harbin Medical, Northeast Agricultural, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin Normal, Northeast Forestry, and Heilongjiang.[17] Notably, Harbin Institute of Technology is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world for engineering.[18]

  1. ^ "Administrative Divisions". Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  2. ^ "Survey of the City". Basic Facts. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  3. ^ "China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  4. ^ "Harbin". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Harbin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  6. ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Heilongjiang". PRC Central Government Official Website. 2001. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  7. ^ "Searching for Urban Roots". harbin.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b c "Harbin (Heilongjiang) City Information". hktdc.com. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  9. ^ The official guidebook of China. New York, NY: Lee Pub. : A division of Hippocrene Books. 1982. p. 186 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Polishstudy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "China information-Harbin section". Kzzi.com/. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  12. ^ Jianwei, Wabng (1 February 2014). "People enjoy ice sculptures in Harbin". English.news.cn. Xinhua. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  13. ^ "Chinese ice sculptures melting". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  14. ^ Zhao, Kiki (4 June 2017). "Chinese City With a Russian Past Struggles to Preserve Its Legacy". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  15. ^ 王欣欣 (25 December 2013). 哈爾濱打造對俄開放中心城市 (in Chinese). Hong Kong: 香港文匯報. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  16. ^ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2023 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  17. ^ "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Harbin". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  18. ^ "Best Global Universities for Engineering". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.


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