Help:IPA/Ligurian

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Ligurian on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Ligurian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Ligurian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA		Examples	English approximation
b		bödisson, Bàrboa	bill
d		veddro, cadello	dill
dʒ	dʒ^[1]	gianco, ongia, giærâva	Jill
dʒ	ʎ	coniggio, figgeu, muâgia	Jill or billion^[2]
f		safran, feliçitæ, stuffa	fill
ɡ		preghêa, mëgo, gregâ	grill
k		ancheu, credensa, quæxi	skill
l		lann-a, gallo	lid
m		mënda, famme	mill
n	n	pinna, nuâ	nest
n	ŋ	fænn-a, donn-o^[3]	nest or ring^[2]
ŋ	ŋ	tenpo, savon, gianda^[3]	ring
ɲ		âgna, scignôro	onion
p		capriççi, päpêto	spill
ɾ	ɹ	ingreize, rebelêa, sparmâ	atom (American English) or barrel^[2]
s	s	sêuxoo, paçiensa, pastiççê, nissêua	sell
s	ʃ	pescòu, pastiççê, sfròuxo	sell or shell^[2]
ʃ	ʃ	sciô, léscico, scerpa	shell
t		çittæ, töa, roêta	still
tʃ		masccio, ociâli, cêuve	chill
v		levòu, vailezzo	veal
z	z	zenéize, mazzo, spozoéi	zeal
z	ʒ	desmentegâ, asbasciâ, deslengoâse	zeal or leisure^[2]
ʒ	ʒ	bâxo, scixèrboa, chixêximo	leisure

Semivowels
IPA		Examples	English approximation
j		scciapeuia, leitûga, ziàrdoa, socjêtæ	young
w		ægoa, ciammòu, quâgia	well

Vowels^[4]
IPA		Examples	English approximation
Short vowels
a		mäveggia, babà, grasso	bat
e		ebrêo, öxello, avédise	bait
ɛ		bello, caffè, fænn-a^[4]	bet
i		infinïo, piccin	beet
ɔ	o^[1]	votta, òspitòu, Ouröpa	bald, but shorter
ø		béuisccio, cheuscia, euggezzâ	bird (RP), but shorter
u		môro, nasción, rotto	bull
y		cuggiæ, fumme, virtù	roughly like boot (some dialects)^[5]; French tu
Long vowels
aː		mäveggia, cicchettâ, ociâli	father
eː	ej	ebrêo, gêxâ, çëxetta	bail
ɛː		sæa, coæ, bæxinâ	bear (RP)
iː		abaçîa, barbacïo, moînâ	bead
ɔː	oː	stöia, öxello, dizönô	bald
øː		nissêua, dêuviemmo, faxeu	bird (RP)
uː		môro, servitô, dôçeménte	tool
yː		lettûa, dûo, aogûri	roughly like boo (some dialects)^[5]; German über

Suprasegmentals
IPA		Examples	Explanation
ˈ		sciughêa [ʃyˈɡeːa]	primary stress
ˌ		brûxabaracche [ˌbɾyːʒabaˈɾakːe]	secondary stress
.		létia [ˈleti.a]	syllable break
ː		Sann-a [ˈsaŋːa]	half-long consonant^[6]

^ ^a ^b Sounds listed on the right column occur in certain peripheral dialects.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The latter realizations are most common in peripheric areas, such as Ventimiglia or southern Piedmont. In particular, [ʃ] and [ʒ] are occurrences of /s/ and /z/ before consonants In the Tabarchino dialect of Carloforte.
^ ^a ^b Like most other Northern Italian languages, Ligurian nasals never assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant, unlike in Standard Italian. [ŋ] is used in all nasal plus consonant clusters, and it may contrast with /n/ only before vowels (e.g. pénn-a /ˈpeŋa/ 'sorrow' vs pénna /ˈpena/ 'quill').
^ ^a ^b All vowels can occur in both stressed or unstressed positions except short /ɛ/, which is always stressed.
^ ^a ^b These dialects include modern Received Pronunciation and most forms of English English (with some exceptions such as Yorkshire), Australian, New Zealand, White South African, Scottish, Ulster, Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and California English. Other dialects of English, such as Northern American, New York City, New England, African American Vernacular, Welsh and Republic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
^ Consonant and semivowel lengthening optionally occurs in paroxytones between a stressed short vowel and a vowel, and is represented in IPA by either doubling the consonant or through the ⟨ː⟩ marker (e.g. euggio [ˈøddʒu]/[ˈødːʒu]).

[col-1] Sounds listed on the right column occur in certain peripheral dialects.

[periph-2] The latter realizations are most common in peripheric areas, such as Ventimiglia or southern Piedmont. In particular, [ʃ] and [ʒ] are occurrences of /s/ and /z/ before consonants In the Tabarchino dialect of Carloforte.

[nasal-3] Like most other Northern Italian languages, Ligurian nasals never assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant, unlike in Standard Italian. [ŋ] is used in all nasal plus consonant clusters, and it may contrast with /n/ only before vowels (e.g. pénn-a /ˈpeŋa/ 'sorrow' vs pénna /ˈpena/ 'quill').

[stressvow-4] All vowels can occur in both stressed or unstressed positions except short /ɛ/, which is always stressed.

[y-5] These dialects include modern Received Pronunciation and most forms of English English (with some exceptions such as Yorkshire), Australian, New Zealand, White South African, Scottish, Ulster, Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and California English. Other dialects of English, such as Northern American, New York City, New England, African American Vernacular, Welsh and Republic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.

[conslength-6] Consonant and semivowel lengthening optionally occurs in paroxytones between a stressed short vowel and a vowel, and is represented in IPA by either doubling the consonant or through the ⟨ː⟩ marker (e.g. euggio [ˈøddʒu]/[ˈødːʒu]).

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