Back إرشاديات الحكم واتخاذ القرار Arabic Heurística del juicio Spanish هیوریستیک‌(روانشناسی) Persian Heuristique de jugement French Heurystyki wydawania sądów Polish ตัวช่วยการตัดสินใจ Thai ہیوریسٹیک (نفسیات) Urdu

Heuristic (psychology)

Heuristics (from Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω, heurískō, "I find, discover") is the process by which humans use mental shortcuts to arrive at decisions. Heuristics are simple strategies that humans, animals,[1][2][3] organizations,[4] and even machines[5] use to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions to complex problems. Often this involves focusing on the most relevant aspects of a problem or situation to formulate a solution.[6][7][8][2] While heuristic processes are used to find the answers and solutions that are most likely to work or be correct, they are not always right or the most accurate.[9] Judgments and decisions based on heuristics are simply good enough to satisfy a pressing need in situations of uncertainty, where information is incomplete.[10] In that sense they can differ from answers given by logic and probability.

The economist and cognitive psychologist Herbert A. Simon introduced the concept of heuristics in the 1950s, suggesting there were limitations to rational decision making. In the 1970s, psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman added to the field with their research on cognitive bias. It was their work that introduced specific heuristic models, a field which has only expanded since. While some argue that pure laziness is behind the heuristics process, this could just be a simplified explanation for why people don't act the way we expected them too.[11] Other theories argue that it can be more accurate than decisions based on every known factor and consequence, such as the less-is-more effect.[12]

  1. ^ Marsh, Barnaby (1 January 2002). "Do Animals Use Heuristics?". Journal of Bioeconomics. 4 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1023/A:1020655022163. ISSN 1573-6989. S2CID 142852213.
  2. ^ a b Gigerenzer, Gerd; Brighton, Henry (2009). "Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences". Topics in Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 107–143. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0. ISSN 1756-8765. PMID 25164802.
  3. ^ Hutchinson, John M. C.; Gigerenzer, Gerd (31 May 2005). "Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet". Behavioural Processes. Proceedings of the meeting of the Society for the Quantitative Analyses of Behavior (SQAB 2004). 69 (2): 97–124. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.019. ISSN 0376-6357. PMID 15845293. S2CID 785187.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference gaissmaier 2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Braun, T.D.; Siegal, H.J.; Beck, N.; Boloni, L.L.; Maheswaran, M.; Reuther, A.I.; Robertson, J.P.; Theys, M.D.; Bin Yao; Hensgen, D.; Freund, R.F. (1999). "A comparison study of static mapping heuristics for a class of meta-tasks on heterogeneous computing systems". Proceedings. Eighth Heterogeneous Computing Workshop (HCW'99). IEEE Comput. Soc. pp. 15–29. doi:10.1109/hcw.1999.765093. hdl:10945/35227. ISBN 0-7695-0107-9. S2CID 2860157.
  6. ^ Alan, Lewis (2018). The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behavior. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-85665-2.
  7. ^ Harris, Lori A. (2005). CliffsAP Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7645-7316-3.
  8. ^ Nevid, Jeffery (2008). Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Cengage Learning. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-547-14814-4.
  9. ^ Goldstein, E. Bruce (23 July 2018). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-337-40827-1. OCLC 1055681278.
  10. ^ Scholz, Roland W. (1983). "Introduction to Decision Making under Uncertainty: Biases, Fallacies and the Development of Decision Making". In R. W. Scholz (ed.). Decision Making under Uncertainty: Cognitive Decision Research, Social Interaction, Development and Epistemology. Advances in Psychlogy, 16. Elsevier. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-0-08-086670-3.
  11. ^ Madsen, Thomas (1 September 2018). "The Conception of Laziness and the Characterisation of Others as Lazy". Human Arenas. 1 (3): 288–304. doi:10.1007/s42087-018-0018-6. ISSN 2522-5804.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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