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In Islamic law, Ḥirābah (Arabic: حرابة) is a legal category that comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike theft, which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism.[1] Ḥirābah means piracy or unlawful warfare. It comes from the triliteral root ḥrb, which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun ḥarb (حَرْب, pl. ḥurūb حُروب) means 'war' or 'wars'.[2]
Moharebeh (also spelled muharebeh) is a Persian language term that is treated as interchangeable with ḥirabah in Arabic lexicons.[3] The related term muḥārib (محارب) has been translated by English-language Iranian media as "enemy of God".[4][5][6] In English-language media sources, moḥarebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God,"[7] "war against God and the state,"[8] "enmity against God."[9][5] It is a capital crime in Saudi Arabia and Iran.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
javwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Crane, Robert D., “Hirabah versus Jihad”, IFRI.org (Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc., 2006)
- ^ Amin (2014), p. 133.
- ^ Daragahi, Borzou (29 January 2010). "Iran executes 2 alleged government opponents". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Trial of 16 Ashura riot detainees begins in Iran". Tehran Times. 31 January 2010.
- ^ "Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ Fathi, Nazila (2 February 2010). "Iran, With Opposition Protests Continuing, Executes More Prisoners". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Iran: Kurdish Activist Executed 10 November 2009
- ^ "Turkmenistan". Retrieved 11 December 2017.