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History of rice cultivation

Bas-relief at Karmawibhanga Museum in Central Java of 9th century Borobudur describes rice barn and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence. Rice farming has a long history in Indonesia.

The history of rice cultivation is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how rice was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time.

The current scientific consensus, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that Oryza sativa rice was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 9,000 years ago.[1][2][3][4] Cultivation, migration and trade spread rice around the world—first to much of east Asia, and then further abroad, and eventually to the Americas as part of the Columbian exchange. The now less common Oryza glaberrima rice was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago.[5]

Since its spread, rice has become a global staple crop important to food security and food cultures around the world. Local varieties of Oryza sativa have resulted in over 40,000 cultivars of various types. More recent changes in agricultural practices and breeding methods as part of the Green Revolution and other transfers of agricultural technologies has led to increased production in recent decades.[6]

  1. ^ Fornasiero, Alice; Wing, Rod A.; Ronald, Pamela (2022). "Rice domestication". Current Biology. 32 (1): R20–R24. Bibcode:2022CBio...32..R20F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35015986.
  2. ^ Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). "The evolving story of rice evolution". Plant Science. 174 (4): 394–408. Bibcode:2008PlnSc.174..394V. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  3. ^ Harris, David R. (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-1-85728-538-3.
  4. ^ Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (December 17, 2012). "Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52146. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752146Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146. PMC 3524165. PMID 23284907.
  5. ^ Choi, Jae Young (March 7, 2019). "The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima". PLOS Genetics. 15 (3): e1007414. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414. PMC 6424484. PMID 30845217.
  6. ^ "Is basmati rice healthy?". K-agriculture. April 4, 2023. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.

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