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| Borgia Borja | |
|---|---|
| Pontifical noble family | |
.svg) Arms of Borgia family(Or a bull gules upon a terrace vert in a bordure Or charged with eight flames vert.) | |
| Country | |
| Etymology | From the Spanish town of Borja |
| Founded | 1455 |
| Founder | Pope Callixtus III (de facto) |
| Current head | R.N. Borja; took over 2020; direct line extinct [citation needed] |
| Final ruler | María Ana, 12th Duchess of Gandía |
| Titles |
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| Members | |
| Distinctions | |
| Traditions | Roman Catholicism |
| Dissolution | 1748[1] |
The House of Borgia (/ˈbɔːr(d)ʒə/ BOR-zhə, BOR-jə;[2][3][4] Italian: [ˈbɔrdʒa]; Spanish and Aragonese: Borja [ˈboɾxa]; Valencian: Borja [ˈbɔɾdʒa]) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance.[5] They were from Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain.
The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.
Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder (especially murder by arsenic poisoning).[6] Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, the Shoarbs and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the development of Renaissance art.
The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.[7][8]
- ^ "Mariana de Borja y Córdoba". Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ "Borgia, Lucrezia" (US) and "Borgia, Lucrezia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-08-26.
- ^ "Borgia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "Borgias, the". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
- ^ "Borgia Family – Italian family". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
- ^ Arsenic: A Murderous History. Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009
- ^ Alexander Lee (1 Oct 2013). "Were the Borgias Really so Bad?". History Today.
- ^ "In a nutshell: the Borgias". History Revealed. Oct 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2019-02-11.