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Hypersexuality

"Nymphomaniac" and "Sex maniac" redirect here. For the films, see Nymphomaniac (film) and Sex Maniac (film).
Hypersexuality
SpecialtyPsychiatry

Hypersexuality is a medical condition that causes unwanted or excessive sexual arousal, causing people to engage in or think about sexual activity to a point of distress or impairment.[1] It is controversial whether it should be included as a clinical diagnosis[1][2] used by mental healthcare professionals. Nymphomania, satyromania and sex maniac were terms previously used for the condition in women and men, respectively.

Hypersexuality may be a primary condition, or the symptom of other medical conditions or disorders such as Klüver–Bucy syndrome, bipolar disorder, brain injury and dementia. Hypersexuality may also present as a side effect of medication, such as dopaminergic drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease.[3][4] Frontal lesions caused by brain injury, strokes, and frontal lobotomy are thought to cause hypersexuality in individuals who have had these conditions.[5] Clinicians have yet to reach a consensus over how best to describe hypersexuality as a primary condition,[6][7][8] or to determine the appropriateness of describing such behaviors and impulses as a separate pathology.

Hypersexual behaviors are viewed variously by clinicians and therapists as a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or "OCD-spectrum disorder", an addiction,[9][10][11] or a disorder of impulsivity. A number of authors do not acknowledge such a pathology,[12] and instead assert that the condition merely reflects a cultural dislike of exceptional sexual behavior.[13][14]

Consistent with there not being any consensus over what causes hypersexuality,[15] authors have used many different labels to refer to it, sometimes interchangeably, but often depending on which theory they favor or which specific behavior they have studied or have done research on; related or obsolete terms include compulsive masturbation, compulsive sexual behavior,[16][17] cybersex addiction, erotomania, "excessive sexual drive",[18] hyperphilia,[19] hypersexuality,[20][21] hypersexual disorder,[22] problematic hypersexuality,[23] sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity,[24] sexual dependency,[14] sexual impulsivity,[25] "out of control sexual behavior",[26] and paraphilia-related disorder.[27][28][29]

Due to the controversy surrounding the diagnosis of hypersexuality, there is no one generally accepted definition and measurement for hypersexuality, making it difficult to truly determine the prevalence. Thus, the prevalence can vary depending on how it is defined and measured. Overall, hypersexuality is estimated to affect 2–6% of the population, and may be higher in certain populations like men, those who have been traumatized, and sex offenders.[30][31][32]

  1. ^ a b "hypersexuality"., according to the website of Psychology Today, 2021.
  2. ^ van Tuijl, Piet; Tamminga, Aerjen; Meerkerk, Gert-Jan; Verboon, Peter; Leontjevas, Ruslan; van Lankveld, Jacques (Sep 21, 2020). "Three Diagnoses for Problematic Hypersexuality; Which Criteria Predict Help-Seeking Behavior?". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (18): 6907. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186907. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 7559359. PMID 32967307.
  3. ^ Kaplan, Meg S.; Krueger, Richard B. (2010-03-24). "Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Hypersexuality". Journal of Sex Research. 47 (2–3): 181–198. doi:10.1080/00224491003592863. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 20358460. S2CID 37602962.
  4. ^ Nakum, Shivanee; Cavanna, Andrea E. (April 2016). "The prevalence and clinical characteristics of hypersexuality in patients with Parkinson's disease following dopaminergic therapy: A systematic literature review". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 25: 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.02.017. PMID 26923525.
  5. ^ Kaplan, Meg S.; Krueger, Richard B. (2010-03-24). "Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Hypersexuality". Journal of Sex Research. 47 (2–3): 181–198. doi:10.1080/00224491003592863. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 20358460. S2CID 37602962.
  6. ^ Stein, Dan J. (2008). "Classifying Hypersexual Disorders: Compulsive, Impulsive, and Addictive Models". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 31 (4): 587–591. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.007. PMID 18996299. S2CID 9083474.
  7. ^ Bancroft, John; Vukadinovic, Zoran (2004). "Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model" (PDF). The Journal of Sex Research. 41 (3): 225–234. doi:10.1080/00224490409552230. PMID 15497051. S2CID 3493468. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-05.
  8. ^ Coleman, E. (July 1986). "Sexual Compulsion vs. Sexual Addiction: The Debate Continues" (PDF). SIECUS Report. 14 (6): 7–11. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  9. ^ Orford, J. (1985). Excessive appetites: A psychological view of the addictions. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Douglas, Weiss (1998). The Final Freedom: Pioneering Sexual Addiction Recovery. Fort Worth, Tex.: Discovery Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1881292371. OCLC 38983487.
  11. ^ Carnes, P. (1983). Out of the shadows: Understanding sexual addiction. Minneapolis, MN: CompCare.
  12. ^ Levine, Stephen B. (2010). "What is Sexual Addiction?". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 36 (3): 261–275. doi:10.1080/00926231003719681. PMID 20432125.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Levine1988 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b Rinehart, Nicole J.; McCabe, Marita P. (1997). "Hypersexuality: Psychopathology or normal variant of sexuality?". Sexual and Marital Therapy. 12: 45–60. doi:10.1080/02674659708408201.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kafka2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Quadland, Michael C. (1985). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Definition of a Problem and an Approach to Treatment". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 11 (2): 121–132. doi:10.1080/00926238508406078. PMID 4009729.
  17. ^ Coleman, E. (1990). "The obsessive–compulsive model for describing compulsive sexual behavior" (PDF). American Journal of Preventive Psychiatry & Neurology. 2: 9–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
  18. ^ "ICD-10 entry for "Excessive sexual drive"". Apps.who.int. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  19. ^ Money, J. (1980). Love and love sickness. The science of sex, gender difference, and pair bonding. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  20. ^ Miller, B. L.; Cummings, J. L.; McIntyre, H.; Ebers, G.; Grode, M. (1986). "Hypersexuality or altered sexual preference following brain injury" (PDF). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 49 (8): 867–873. doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.8.867. PMC 1028946. PMID 3746322.
  21. ^ Orford, Jim (1978). "Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence". Addiction. 73 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x. PMID 280354.
  22. ^ Krueger, Richard B.; Kaplan, Meg S. (2001). "The Paraphilic and Hypersexual Disorders: An Overview". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 7 (6): 391–403. doi:10.1097/00131746-200111000-00005. PMID 15990552. S2CID 17478379.
  23. ^ Kingston, Drew A.; Firestone, Philip (2008). "Problematic Hypersexuality: A Review of Conceptualization and Diagnosis". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 15 (4): 284–310. doi:10.1080/10720160802289249. S2CID 53418034.
  24. ^ Dodge, Brian; Reece, Michael; Cole, Sara L.; Sandfort, Theo G. M. (2004). "Sexual compulsivity among heterosexual college students". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (4): 343–350. doi:10.1080/00224490409552241. PMC 3331786. PMID 15765274.
  25. ^ Kafka, M. P. (1995b). "Sexual impulsivity". In Hollander, E.; Stein, D. J. (eds.). Impulsivity and aggression. Chichester, England: John Wiley. pp. 201–228.
  26. ^ Bancroft, John (2008). "Sexual Behavior that is "Out of Control": A Theoretical Conceptual Approach". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 31 (4): 593–601. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.009. PMID 18996300.
  27. ^ Kafka, Martin P. (1994). "Paraphilia-Related Disorders – Common, Neglected, and Misunderstood". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2 (1): 39–40. doi:10.3109/10673229409017112. PMID 9384878. S2CID 45257740.
  28. ^ Kafka, M. P. (2000). "The paraphilia-related disorders: Nonparaphilic hypersexuality and sexual compulsivity/addiction". In Leiblum, S. R.; Rosen, R. C. (eds.). Principles and practice of sex therapy (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 471–503.
  29. ^ Kafka, Martin P. (2001). "The Paraphilia-Related Disorders: A Proposal for a Unified Classification of Nonparaphilic Hypersexuality Disorders". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 8 (3–4): 227–239. doi:10.1080/107201601753459937. S2CID 144675897.
  30. ^ Walton, Michael T.; Cantor, James M.; Bhullar, Navjot; Lykins, Amy D. (2017-11-01). "Hypersexuality: A Critical Review and Introduction to the "Sexhavior Cycle"". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (8): 2231–2251. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 28687897. S2CID 207092880.
  31. ^ Bőthe, Beáta; Bartók, Réka; Tóth-Király, István; Reid, Rory C.; Griffiths, Mark D.; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Orosz, Gábor (2018-11-01). "Hypersexuality, Gender, and Sexual Orientation: A Large-Scale Psychometric Survey Study". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (8): 2265–2276. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1201-z. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 29926261. S2CID 49333993.
  32. ^ Kaplan, Meg S.; Krueger, Richard B. (2010-03-24). "Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Hypersexuality". Journal of Sex Research. 47 (2–3): 181–198. doi:10.1080/00224491003592863. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 20358460. S2CID 37602962.

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