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Ibn Taymiyya

Imam
Shaykh al-Islām
Al-Shaykh
Ibn Taymiyya
ابن تيمية
TitleShaykh al-Islām
Personal
Born22 January 1263 CE
10 Rabi' al-Awwal 661 AH
Harran, Mamluk Sultanate (modern-day Turkey)
Died26 September 1328 CE (aged 65)
20 Dhu al-Qa'da 728 AH
Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate (modern-day Syria)
ReligionIslam
Era
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanbali[1][2]
CreedAthari[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Notable work(s)
  • Minhaj al-sunnah al-Nabawiyya
  • al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
  • al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
  • ”al-Jawab al-Sahih”
Alma materMadrasa Dar al-Hadith al-Sukariyya
Arabic name
Personal
(Ism)		Aḥmad
أَحْمَد
Patronymic
(Nasab)		Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Khiḍr ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh
ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْحَلِيم بْن عَبْد ٱلسَّلَام بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلْخِضْر بْن إِبْرَاهِيم بْن عَلِيّ بْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه
Teknonymic
(Kunya)		Abū al-ʿAbbās
أَبُو ٱلْعَبَّاس
Epithet
(Laqab)		Taqī al-Dīn
تَقِيّ ٱلدِّين
Toponymic
(Nisba)		Al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī[9][page needed]
ٱلنُّمَيْرِيّ ٱلْحَرَّانِيّ
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Part of a series on:
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Ibn Taymiyya[a] (Arabic: ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)[11] was a Sunni Muslim scholar,[12][13][14] jurist,[15][16] traditionist, ascetic, and proto-Salafi[b] and iconoclastic theologian.[17][14] He is known for his diplomatic involvement with the Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan Khan at the Battle of Marj al-Saffar, which ended the Mongol invasions of the Levant.[18] A legal jurist of the Hanbali school, Ibn Taymiyya's condemnation of numerous folk practices associated with saint veneration and visitation of tombs made him a contentious figure with many rulers and scholars of the time, which caused him to be imprisoned several times as a result.[19]

A polarizing figure in his own times and the centuries that followed,[20][21] Ibn Taymiyya has emerged as one of the most influential medieval scholars in late modern Sunni Islam.[19] He is also noteworthy for engaging in fierce religious polemics that attacked various schools of speculative theology, primarily Ash'arism and Maturidism, while defending the doctrines of Atharism. This prompted rival clerics and state authorities to accuse Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples of anthropomorphism, which eventually led to the censoring of his works and subsequent incarceration.[22][23][24]

Nevertheless, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises that advocate for al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya, based on his scholarly interpretations of the Quran and prophetic way, constitute the most popular classical reference for later Salafi movements.[25] It's worth noting that, although the Salafi movement claims to follow Ibn Taymiyya's teachings four centuries later, their stance often diverges from his, tending to be somewhat more extreme. [26] Throughout his treatises, Ibn Taymiyya asserted there is no contradiction between reason and revelation,[27] and denounced the usage of philosophy as a pre-requisite in seeking religious truth.[28] As a cleric who viewed Shiasm as a source of corruption in Muslim societies, Ibn Taymiyya was also known for virulent anti-Shia polemics throughout treatises such as Minhaj al-Sunna, wherein he denounced the Imami Shia creed as heretical. He issued a ruling to wage jihad against the Shias of Kisrawan and personally fought in the Kisrawan campaigns himself, accusing Shias of acting as the fifth-columnists of the Frank Crusaders and Mongol Ilkhanids.[29]

Within recent history, Ibn Taymiyya has been widely regarded as a major scholarly influence in revolutionary Islamist movements, such as Salafi jihadism.[30][31][32] Major aspects of his teachings, such as upholding the pristine monotheism of the early Muslim generations and campaigns to uproot what he regarded as polytheism, had a profound influence on Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the Wahhabism reform movement formed in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as other later Sunni scholars.[2][33] Syrian Salafi theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida, one of the major modern proponents of Ibn Taymiyya's works, designated him as the "Mujaddid" of the 7th Islamic century.[34][35] Ibn Taymiyya's doctrinal positions, such as his excommunication of the Mongol Ilkhanids and allowing jihad against other self-professed Muslims, were referenced by later Islamist political movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, Hizb ut-Tahrir, al-Qaeda, and Islamic State, to justify social uprisings against the contemporary governments of the Muslim world.[36][37][38]

Ibn Taymiyya paradoxically has an anti-Sufi reputation, though this is inaccurate.[39] This false reputation is the result of the selective and out-of-context use of some of his writings by fundamentalist and reformist movements. While he sometimes held radical positions, Ibn Taymiyya criticized certain practices or ideas he considered deviations, yet he acknowledged that Sufism is an integral part of Islam[40] and praised many Sufi masters.[41] He himself was affiliated with the Qadiriyya order [41][42][43] and wrote a commentary on the Kitāb futūḥ al-ġayb by its founder, ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ğīlānī.[41]

  1. ^ Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1999). Kitab Al-Iman. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 978-967-5062-28-5. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Ibn Taymiyya". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  3. ^ Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-230-10279-8.
  4. ^ Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4384-5370-5.
  5. ^ Makdisi, ', American Journal of Arabic Studies 1, part 1 (1973), pp. 118–28
  6. ^ Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1438453712.
  7. ^ Rapoport & Ahmed 2010, p. 334
  8. ^ Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Wahabi Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Wahabism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0230102798.
  9. ^ Haque 1982
  10. ^ Hoover, J. (2018). Ibn Taymiyya's use of Ibn Rushd to refute the incorporealism of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. In A. Al Ghouz (Ed.), Islamic Philosophy from the 12th till the 14th Century (469-492). Goettingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
  11. ^ Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-959 Archived December 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Yahya An Najmi, Shaykh Ahmad. Explanation Of Al-Qasidah Al-Lamiyah (PDF). Philadelphia: Hikmah Publications. p. 5. ISBN 9781495196805. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  13. ^ Woodward, Mark. The Garebeg Malud: Veneration of the Prophet as Imperial Ritual. p. 170.
  14. ^ a b Ghobadzdeh, Naser; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (May 18, 2015). "Sectarianism and the prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic thought". Third World Quarterly. 36 (4): 691–704. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1024433. S2CID 145364873. Retrieved June 6, 2020. Yet Ibn Taymiyya remained unconvinced and issued three controversial fatwas to justify revolt against mongol rule.
  15. ^ Nadvi, Syed Suleiman (2012). "Muslims and Greek Schools of Philosophy". Islamic Studies. 51 (2): 218. JSTOR 23643961. All his works are full of condemnation of philosophy and yet he was a great philosopher himself.
  16. ^ Kokoschka, Alina (2013). Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya. De Gruyter. p. 218. Identifying him, especially in regards to his comprehensive view, as a true philosopher, they describe him as an equal to or even superseding the most famous medieval Muslim philosophers.
  17. ^ Nettler, R. and Kéchichian, J.A., 2009. Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, 2, pp.502–4.
  18. ^ Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... macmillan. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-09-952327-7. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  19. ^ a b Laoust 2012.
  20. ^ Tim Winter The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology Cambridge University Press, May 22, 2008 ISBN 978-0-521-78058-2 p. 84
  21. ^ Rapoport & Ahmed 2010, p. 6.
  22. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations". The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-367-41782-6. His denouncement of both the (high-church) ʿulamāʾ of the rival theological schools—particularly the Ash'aris, even as he muddied the waters by calling them anachronistic names such as 'Jahmis' after the heterodox theologian Jahm Ibn Safwan (d. 745)—and (low-church) folk religion steeped in local understandings of Sufism, earned him the authorities' wrath. He was imprisoned on charges of corporealism (tajsīm) and likening the attributes of God to those of His creation (tashbīḥ), a dual charge that his followers from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) onwards have also faced.
  23. ^ Sinani, Besnik (April 10, 2022). "Post-Salafism: Religious Revisionism in Contemporary Saudi Arabia". Religions. 13 (4): 344. doi:10.3390/rel13040340. A key aspect of the legacy of Ibn Taymiyya is his opposition to the two dominant schools of Sunni theology (kalam), Ashaʿrism and Maturidism
  24. ^ Nettler, Ronald L. (2009). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. He incurred the wrath of some Shāfiʿī and other ʿulamāʿ (religious scholars) and theologians for some of his teachings on theology and law. He was persecuted and imprisoned in Syria and Egypt, for his tashbīh (anthropomorphism), several of his rulings derived through ijtihād (independent reason), and his idiosyncratic legal judgments
  25. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations". The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-367-41782-6. What might be referred to as 'proto-Salafism', or creedal Salafism (al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādīyya), became emblematic in the scholarship of the fourteenth-century imam Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn 'Abd al-Halim al-Harrani (1263–1328)—better known by his matronymic Ibn Taymiyya—the most important medieval reference for contemporary Salafism
  26. ^ Ibn Taymiyya, Maǧmūʿ al-Fatāwā, ed. by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. Qāsim (Beyrouth: Muʾassasat al-risāla, 1978), t. XI, p. 10.
  27. ^ El-Tobgui, Carl Sharif (2022). Ibn Taymiyya on reason and revelation : a study of Darʾ ta'āruḍ al-ʻaql wa-l-naql. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-51101-9. OCLC 1296947160.
  28. ^ "Atheism and Radical Skepticism: Ibn Taymiyya's Epistemic Critique". Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved March 21, 2023. The most voluminous and vociferous intellectual opposition to the use of philosophical argumentation to establish religious doctrine was to come in the writings of Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymīyyah..
  29. ^ al-Jamil, Tariq (2010). "8: Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli". In Ahmed, Shahab; Rapoport, Yossef (eds.). Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–241. ISBN 9780199402069. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021.
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kepel, Gilles 2003 p.194 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2003). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 9781845112578. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  32. ^ Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2005). "A Genealogy of Radical Islam". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 28 (2): 75–97. doi:10.1080/10576100590905057. S2CID 55948737.
  33. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations". The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-367-41782-6.
  34. ^ The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
  35. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations". The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-367-41782-6.
  36. ^ Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-19-512558-4. Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad (d. 1328)... Tied Islam to politics and state formation... Issued fatwas against the Mongols as unbelievers at heart despite public claims to be Muslim... His authority has been used by some twentieth-century Islamist groups to declare jihad against ruling governments.
  37. ^ Springer, Devin (January 6, 2009). Islamic Radicalism and Global Jihad. Georgetown University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1589015784. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  38. ^ Bassouni, Cherif (October 21, 2013). The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781107471153. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  39. ^ « The wahhābiyya and Sufism in the eighteenth century », Frederick De Jong and Bernd Radtke (Eds.), Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics, Leiden, Brill, 1999, p. 145–161.
  40. ^ [Henri Laoust], Essay on the social and political doctrines of Taḳī-d-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taimīyah: ḥanbalite canonist born in Ḥarran in 661/1262, died in Damascus in 728/1328 (Cairo: IFAO, 1939), p. 89–93.
  41. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ “Al-Hadi” manuscript in the Princeton Library, Yahuda Collection, fol. 154a, 169b, 171b-172a
  43. ^ Assef, Qais (May 1, 2012). "Le soufisme et les soufis selon Ibn Taymiyya". Bulletin d’études orientales (in French) (60): 91–121. doi:10.4000/beo.330. ISSN 0253-1623.


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