Indonesian National Revolution

Indonesian National Revolution
Part of the aftermath of World War II and the decolonisation of Asia
From top, left to right: Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945. Indonesian soldiers in the streets, November 1949. Remains of the car of Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby, where he was killed on 30 October 1945 during the Battle of Surabaya. A village near Bandung, where a number of houses were set on fire. Two Indonesian soldiers are visible on the left of the picture. Dutch forces during Operation Kraai, 1948. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands signing the Soevereiniteitsoverdracht (Transfer of Sovereignty) of Indonesia.
Date 17 August 1945 – 27 December 1949 (1945-08-17 – 1949-12-27) (4 years, 4 months, 1 week and 3 days) Location Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia) Result Independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands End of Dutch colonial empire rule over most parts of Indonesia, as the Dutch East Indies ceased to exist Dutch recognition of the Indonesian independence in the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference Formation of the United States of Indonesia Creation of the Netherlands-Indonesia Union Territorial changes Netherlands cedes control of most territories of the Dutch East Indies to the United States of Indonesia
Belligerents
Indonesia PDRI[a] TNI POLRI Japanese holdouts Internal conflict: DI/TII FDR	Netherlands[b] Dutch East Indies KNIL NICA Pao An Tui[c]  United Kingdom[d]  British Raj[d] Japan[d]
Commanders and leaders
Sukarno M. Hatta Sudirman O. Soemohardjo HB IX Gatot Soebroto A.H Nasution and others... S.M Kartosoewirjo Amir Fatah Musso  A. Sjarifuddin  D. N. Aidit	Wilhelmina Juliana Louis Beel Willem Drees Hubertus van Mook Tony Lovink Simon Spoor A. Widjojoatmodjo Raymond Westerling Louis Mountbatten A.W.S Mallaby † Robert Mansergh Conrad Helfrich
Strength
Republican Army: 150,000[1] Youth volunteers: 100,000[2] Japanese volunteers: 903[3] Indian defectors: 600[4]	Netherlands: 220,000[5] United Kingdom: 45,000[6] Japan: 35,000[7]
Casualties and losses
Indonesia: (civilian and combatants): 97,421 (confirmed killed)[8][9] 100,000 killed (highest estimate)[9][10][11] Japanese volunteers: 531 killed[3] Indian defectors: 525 killed[4]	• Netherlands: 4,585 killed[12][e] • United Kingdom: 980 killed[13] • Japan: 1,293 killed[f] • 5,500–20,000 Indo people and European civilians killed and 2,500 missing[17][18][19][20]

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Prehistory Paleolithic Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP Neolithic Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Kutai kingdom 350–1605 Tarumanagara kingdom 400s–500s Kantoli 400s-500s Kalingga kingdom 500s–600s Melayu kingdom 600s–1347 Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025 Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s Mataram kingdom 716–1016 Bali kingdom 914–1908 Sunda kingdom 932–1579 Kahuripan kingdom 1019–1045 Kediri kingdom 1045–1221 Dharmasraya kingdom 1183–1347 Pannai kingdom 1000s–1300s Singhasari Empire 1222–1292 Majapahit Empire 1293–1527
Islamic sultanates Spread of Islam 800–1600 Peureulak Sultanate 840–1292 Aru kingdom 1225–1613 Ternate Sultanate 1257–1914 Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Pagaruyung kingdom 1347–1833 Brunei Sultanate 1368–1888 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511 Sulu Sultanate 1405–1851 Cirebon Sultanate 1445–1677 Demak Sultanate 1475–1554 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Sultanate of Ternate 1486–1914 Sultanate of Bacan 1515–1946 Sultanate of Tidore 1500s–1967 Sultanate of Jailolo 1496–1903 Banten Sultanate 1526–present Banjar Sultanate 1526–1863 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527–1599 Mataram Sultanate 1586–1755 Johor Sultanate 1528s–1877 Kingdom of Kaimana 1600s–1926 Palembang Sultanate 1659–1823 Siak Sultanate 1725–1946 Surakarta Sunanate 1745–present Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755–present Deli Sultanate 1814–1946 Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911
Christian kingdoms Larantuka kingdom 1515–1904 Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 1670–1950
Chinese Kongsi federations Heshun Confederation 1776–1854 Lanfang Republic 1777–1884 Santiaogou Republic 1777–1853
European colonization Portuguese 1512–1850 Spanish 1521–1677 Dutch East India Company 1602–1799 British 1685–1824 French and British interregnum 1806–1816 Dutch East Indies 1800–1942 1945–1949
Emergence of Indonesia National Awakening 1908–1942 Japanese occupation 1942–1945 National Revolution 1945–1949 United States of Indonesia 1949–1950
Republic of Indonesia Liberal democracy 1950–1959 Guided Democracy 1959–1966 Transition 1966–1967 New Order 1967–1998 Reform era 1998–present
Regions Jakarta Bali Bogor Bandung
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The Indonesian National Revolution (Indonesian: Revolusi Nasional Indonesia), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (Indonesian: Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Dutch: Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.^[21]

The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.^[22]

The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, except for New Guinea. It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers (raja). It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortunes of the majority of the population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce.^[23]

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