Invariant (mathematics)

A wallpaper is invariant under some transformations. This one is invariant under horizontal and vertical translation, as well as rotation by 180° (but not under reflection).

In mathematics, an invariant is a property of a mathematical object (or a class of mathematical objects) which remains unchanged after operations or transformations of a certain type are applied to the objects.[1][2] The particular class of objects and type of transformations are usually indicated by the context in which the term is used. For example, the area of a triangle is an invariant with respect to isometries of the Euclidean plane. The phrases "invariant under" and "invariant to" a transformation are both used. More generally, an invariant with respect to an equivalence relation is a property that is constant on each equivalence class.[3]

Invariants are used in diverse areas of mathematics such as geometry, topology, algebra and discrete mathematics. Some important classes of transformations are defined by an invariant they leave unchanged. For example, conformal maps are defined as transformations of the plane that preserve angles. The discovery of invariants is an important step in the process of classifying mathematical objects.[2][3]

  1. ^ "Invariant Definition (Illustrated Mathematics Dictionary)". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  2. ^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Invariant". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  3. ^ a b "Invariant – Encyclopedia of Mathematics". www.encyclopediaofmath.org. Retrieved 2019-12-05.

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