Back الحرس الحديدي (رومانيا) Arabic Lexón de San Miguel Arcánxel AST Dəmir Qvardiya Azerbaijani Жалезная гвардыя Byelorussian Желязна гвардия Bulgarian Guàrdia de Ferro Catalan Železná garda Czech Jerngarden Danish Eiserne Garde German Σιδηρά Φρουρά Greek
| Iron Guard | |
|---|---|
| Garda de Fier | |
 | |
| Leader | Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Horia Sima (disputed)[1] |
| Foundation | 24 June 1927[2] |
| Dates of operation | March 1930 – 1990's |
| Split from | National-Christian Defense League |
| Headquarters | Green House, Bucureștii Noi[3] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Notable attacks | Killing of I. Gh. Duca Killing of Armand Călinescu 1941 Rebellion and Pogrom |
| Size | 272,000 (late 1937 est.)[17] |
| Part of | |
| Opponents | |
| Battles and wars | Anti-communist resistance[20] (9% were former Iron Guardists) |
| Flag |  |
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.svg){kind=small}
Everything for the Country Totul pentru Țară | |
|---|---|
| President | Gheorghe Cantacuzino[a][23] Gheorghe Clime[b] Horia Sima[c] |
| Founded | 10 December 1934 |
| Registered | 20 March 1935 |
| Banned | 23 January 1941 |
| Preceded by | Gruparea Corneliu Zelea Codreanu[d][24] |
| Newspaper | |
| Youth wing | Frăția de Cruce[28] |
| Paramilitary wing | Iron Guard |
| Labour wing | Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari |
| Ideology |
|
| Political position | Far-right |
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox Christianity |
| International affiliation | Fascist International Congress (observer)[34] |
| Colours | Black White Green |
| Senate (1937) | 4 / 113 (4%) |
| Chamber of Deputies (1937) | 66 / 387 (17%) [35] |
| Election symbol | |
 | |
| Part of a series on |
| Fascism in Romania |
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The Iron Guard (Romanian: Garda de Fier) was a Romanian militant revolutionary religious fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail) or the Legionary Movement (Mișcarea Legionară).[36] It was strongly anti-democratic, anti-capitalist, anti-communist, and anti-Semitic. It differed from other European far-right movements of the period due to its spiritual basis, as the Iron Guard was deeply imbued with Romanian Orthodox Christian mysticism.
In March 1930, Codreanu formed the Iron Guard as a paramilitary branch of the Legion, which in 1935 changed its official name to the "Totul pentru Țară" party—literally, "Everything for the Country". It existed into the early part of the Second World War, during which time it came to power. Members were called Legionnaires or, outside of the movement, "Greenshirts" because of the predominantly green uniforms they wore.[37]
When Marshal Ion Antonescu came to power in September 1940, he brought the Iron Guard into the government, creating the National Legionary State. In January 1941, following the Legionnaires' rebellion, Antonescu used the army to suppress the movement, destroying the organization; its commander, Horia Sima, along with other leaders, escaped to Germany.
- ^ Clark, Roland (2015-06-05). Holy Legionary Youth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 221–228. doi:10.7591/9780801456343. ISBN 9780801456343.
- ^ In March 1930, Codreanu formed the "Iron Guard" as an armed wing of the Legion.
- ^ "'Casa Verde' din Bucureşti construită de legionari". FRUNŢI SPRE CER. August 24, 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". Nationalities Papers. 40 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 107–126. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.633076. ISSN 0090-5992. S2CID 153813255.
The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, Ortodoxie 147).
- ^ Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". Polish Sociological Review (142). Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association): 161–169. ISSN 1231-1413. JSTOR 41274855.
Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."
- ^ Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". New Zealand Slavonic Journal. 44. Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association: 27–67. ISSN 0028-8683. JSTOR 41759355.
A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889–1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (Ortodoxie și etnocrație), published in 1938.
- ^ Ancel, Jean (2002). History of the Holocaust – Romania (in Hebrew). Israel: Yad Vashem. pp. 354–61. ISBN 965-308-157-8.
- ^ Zelinka, Elisabeta (2009). "Xenophobia, anti-Semitism and feminist activism in eastern Europe: a case study of Romania". In Huggan, Graham; Law, Ian (eds.). Racism postcolonialism Europe. Postcolonialism Across the Disciplines. Vol. 6. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 42. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vjc6k.7. ISBN 978-1-84631-562-6. OCLC 865564960. Archived from the original on 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (2017-02-21). "Why Romania's Fascist Movement Was Unusually Morbid – Even for Fascists". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
A Unique Death Cult: How the Romanian Iron Guard blended nationalistic violence with Christian martyrdom to spread a singularly morbid fascist movement. [...] As in some other Eastern European countries, there had developed strong currents of populism that espoused a kind of peasant nationalism, equally opposed to liberalism, conservatism, and Marxist socialism.
- ^ "Iron Guard | Romanian organization | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
"[...] it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. [...]" - ^ Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification Archived 2023-02-13 at the Wayback Machine. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.
- ^
- "Rădăcinile intelectuale ale legionarismului" [The intellectual roots of legionaryism]. Historia (in Romanian). 2018-08-28. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- Tăpălagă, Dan (2020-12-21). "AUR și Mișcarea Legionară. Cât de valabilă este comparația între cele două partide" [AUR and the Legionary Movement. How valid is the comparison between the two parties]. G4Media.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- Iordachi, Constantin (2006). "Charisma, Religion, and Ideology: Romania's Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael". In Lampe, John; Mazower, Mark (eds.). Ideologies and National Identities. Central European University Press. pp. 19–53. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4. OCLC 945782879. Archived from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-03 – via OpenEdition Books.
- Roberts, Jason; Glăjar, Sergio (2022-02-22). "The Legionary Phenomenon: A Romanian Fascist Manifesto". illiberalism.org. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- Teodorescu, Bogdan; Sultănescu, Dan (2022). "Mişcarea Legionară, între istorie și percepții actuale. Amestec de fascism și atitudini populiste" [The Legionary Movement, between history and current perceptions. Mixture of fascism and populist attitudes]. Polis. Journal of Political Science. X (3 (37)). Editura Institutul European: 65–80. ISSN 1221-9762. OCLC 9627670651. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- ^
- Tinichigiu, Paul (January 2004). "Sami Fiul (interview)". The Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- Ioanid, Radu (January 2004). "The sacralised politics of the Romanian Iron Guard". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 5 (3): 419–453. doi:10.1080/1469076042000312203. S2CID 145585057.
- Leon Volovici (1991). Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism. Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-08-041024-1.
citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4
- "Roots of Romanian Antisemitism: The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Antisemitism" (PDF). Background and Precursors to the Holocaust. Wayback Machine: 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
- ^ Mann 2004, pp. 268–269.
- ^ Crampton, R.J. (1994). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. London & New York: Routledge. p. 165.
- ^ Mann 2004, p. 270.
- ^ Săndulescu, p. 267
- ^ Anderson, Scott (1986). Inside the League : the shocking expose of how terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League. Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-08517-2. OCLC 12946705.
- ^ Cragg, Bronwyn (2024-04-23). "Letters from Exile: Canadian Media, the Romanian Diaspora, and the Legionary Movement". Journal of Romanian Studies. 6 (1): 47–70. doi:10.3828/jrns.2024.4. ISSN 2627-5325.
- ^ Deletant, Dennis (1999). "Chapter 10". Communist Terror in Romania. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 225–234.
- ^ "Renunciation of Horia Sima by the Iron Guard - Central Intelligence Agency". Internet Archive. 12 April 1954.
- ^ Totok, William (26 March 2018). "Între legionarism deghizat şi naţionalism-autoritar". Radio Europa Liberă.
- ^ Predescu, Lucian: Enciclopedia Cugetarea, Enciclopedia României - Material românesc. Oameni și înfăptuiri, p. 959, Editura Cugetarea – Georgescu Delafras, București, 1940.
- ^ Radu-Dan Vlad: Procesele lui Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (1923–1934), Vol. I. Editura Miha Valahie. Bukarest 2013. ISBN 978-606-8304-49-6. S. 157.
- ^ Ioan Scurtu, Politica și viața cotidiană în România în secolul al XX-lea și începutul celui de-al XXI-lea, Editura Mica Valahie, București, 2011, ISBN 978-606-8304-34-2, p. 127.
- ^ Sandu-Dediu, Valentina (2016). "Murky Times and Ideologised Music in the Romania of 1938–1944". Musicology Today: Journal of the National University of Music Bucharest. 7 (27): 193–214. ISSN 2286-4717. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
- ^ "Title page". Cuvântul. 17 October 1940. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ Ianolides, John: Return to Christ – document for a new world, pp. 35–36
- ^ Stanley G. Payne, Fascism, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1980. p. 116. ISBN 0-299-08064-1.
- ^ Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului , Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993. pp. 251–255.
- ^ Rusu, Mihai S. (2016), "The Sacralization of Martyric Death in Romanian Legionary Movement: Self-sacrificial Patriotism, Vicarious Atonement, and Thanatic Nationalism", Politics, Religion & Ideology, 17 (2–3): 249–273, doi:10.1080/21567689.2016.1232196, retrieved 2023-09-13
- ^ Rusu, Mihai S. (2021), "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941", Nationalities Papers, 49 (3): 576–589, doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22, retrieved 2023-09-13
- ^ Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaţionalismului ("History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mistique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Bucharest, Humanitas, 1993 (Romanian-language version of the 1989 Spanish edition La mística del ultranacionalismo (Historia de la Guardia de Hierro) Rumania, 1919–1941, Bellaterra, Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ISBN 84-7488-497-7), p.47-49, 224-226, 263, 285-286, 292-293, 301
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. p. 105. London, 1999
- ^ von Nohlen, Dieter (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handbook. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. 1610–1611. ISBN 9783832956097.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
- ^ For "greenshirts" see, for example, R.G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), ISBN 022608647X, p. 182. Originally published 1942.
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