Islamic views on Jesus's death

The biblical account of the crucifixion, death, and resurrection of Jesus (ʿĪsā) recorded in the Christian New Testament is traditionally rejected by the major branches of Islam,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] but like Christians they believe that Jesus ascended to heaven and he will, according to Islamic literary sources,^[6]^[7]^[8]^: 9–25 return before the end of time.^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[8]^{: 14–15, 25} The various sects of Islam have different views regarding this topic;^[3]^[4]^[9]^{: 430–431} traditionally, mainstream Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified but was bodily raised up to heaven by God,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[8]^: 14–15^[10]^: 41 while Ahmadi Muslims reject this belief^[3]^[6]^[7]^[9]^{: 430–431} and instead contend that Jesus survived the crucifixion,^[6]^[7]^[9]^{: 430–431}^[11]^{: 129–132} was taken off the cross alive and continued to preach in India until his natural death.^[6]^[7]^[9]^{: 431–436}

^ ^a ^b Bulliet, Richard W. (2015). "Islamo-Christian Civilization". In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.; Stroumsa, Guy G. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 111. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6. ISBN 978-0-19-969776-2. LCCN 2014960132. S2CID 170430270. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b Hughes, Aaron W. (2013). "The Quran: The Base Narrative". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4. JSTOR 10.7312/hugh16146.8. S2CID 169663918. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reynolds, Gabriel S. (May 2009). "The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). 72 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 237–258. doi:10.1017/S0041977X09000500. JSTOR 40379003. S2CID 27268737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). ""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion". Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary. 1 (1). Orlando, Florida: Reformed Theological Seminary: 39-55. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neely, Brent (July 2017). "At Cross Purposes: Islam and the Crucifixion of Christ, a theological response". Transformation. 34 (3). Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications: 176–213. doi:10.1177/0265378816631552. JSTOR 90010414. S2CID 171352591.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e • "Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
• Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). "Jesus Christ died a Natural Death". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
• Iqbal, Farhan (2020). "30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ahmad, Khwaja Nazir (2012). "Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar". www.aaiil.org. London: Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Khalidi, Tarif (2001). The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 9–32. ISBN 9780674011151. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). "Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ Gil, Moshe (1992). "The Creed of Abū 'Āmir". In Kraemer, Joel L. (ed.). Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 9–58. ISBN 978-90-04-09584-7. ISSN 0334-4401. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). "Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth". Images of Jesus Christ in Islam (2nd ed.). London: Continuum International. pp. 34–36, 129–132. doi:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002. ISBN 978-1-4411-7739-1. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Bulliet_2015-1] Bulliet, Richard W. (2015). "Islamo-Christian Civilization". In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.; Stroumsa, Guy G. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 111. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6. ISBN 978-0-19-969776-2. LCCN 2014960132. S2CID 170430270. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Hughes_2013-2] Hughes, Aaron W. (2013). "The Quran: The Base Narrative". Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-231-53192-4. JSTOR 10.7312/hugh16146.8. S2CID 169663918. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Reynolds_2009-3] Reynolds, Gabriel S. (May 2009). "The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). 72 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 237–258. doi:10.1017/S0041977X09000500. JSTOR 40379003. S2CID 27268737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Lanier_2016-4] Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). ""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion". Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary. 1 (1). Orlando, Florida: Reformed Theological Seminary: 39-55. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Neely_2017-5] Neely, Brent (July 2017). "At Cross Purposes: Islam and the Crucifixion of Christ, a theological response". Transformation. 34 (3). Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications: 176–213. doi:10.1177/0265378816631552. JSTOR 90010414. S2CID 171352591.

[alislam.org-6] • "Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
• Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). "Jesus Christ died a Natural Death". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
• Iqbal, Farhan (2020). "30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ". www.alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

[Ahmad_2012-7] Ahmad, Khwaja Nazir (2012). "Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar". www.aaiil.org. London: Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

[Khalidi_2001-8] Khalidi, Tarif (2001). The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 9–32. ISBN 9780674011151. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Korbel-Preckel_2016-9] Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). "Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 25 October 2020.

[gil1992-10] Gil, Moshe (1992). "The Creed of Abū 'Āmir". In Kraemer, Joel L. (ed.). Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 9–58. ISBN 978-90-04-09584-7. ISSN 0334-4401. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[Leirvik_2010-11] Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). "Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth". Images of Jesus Christ in Islam (2nd ed.). London: Continuum International. pp. 34–36, 129–132. doi:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002. ISBN 978-1-4411-7739-1. Retrieved 24 October 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]