Back ساركوما كابوزي Arabic ساركوما كابوزى ARZ Kapoşi sarkoması Azerbaijani Sarcoma de Kaposi Catalan Kaposiho sarkom Czech Kaposi-Sarkom German Σάρκωμα Καπόσι Greek Sarcoma de Kaposi Spanish Kaposiren sarkoma Basque سارکوم کاپوسی Persian

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple haemorrhagic sarcoma
Characteristic purple lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma on the nose of an HIV-positive female.[1]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyOncology
SymptomsPurple colored skin lesions[4]
TypesClassic, endemic, immunosuppression therapy-related, epidemic[4][5]
Risk factorsHuman herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), poor immune function[4][6]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy, medical imaging[4][6]
Differential diagnosisBlue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, pyogenic granuloma, melanocytic nevi, melanoma[6]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy[4]
Frequency42,000 (new cases, 2018)[7]
Deaths20,000 (2018)[7]

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs.[4][6] The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised.[6][8] Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limited area, or may be widespread.[6] Depending on the sub-type of disease and level of immune suppression, KS may worsen either gradually or quickly.[6] Except for Classical KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression (such as due to HIV/AIDS) and infection by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8 – also called KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)).[8]

Classic, endemic, immunosuppression therapy-related (also known as iatrogenic), and epidemic (also known as AIDS-related) sub-types are all described.[8] Classic KS tends to affect older men in regions where KSHV is highly prevalent (Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Middle East), is usually slow-growing, and most often affects only the legs.[8] Endemic KS is most common in Sub-Saharan Africa and is more aggressive in children, while older adults present similarly to classic KS.[8] Immunosuppression therapy-related KS generally occurs in people following organ transplantation and mostly affects the skin.[8] Epidemic KS occurs in people with AIDS and many parts of the body can be affected.[8] KS is diagnosed by tissue biopsy, while the extent of disease may be determined by medical imaging.[4][6][8]

Treatment is based on the sub-type, whether the condition is localized or widespread, and the person's immune function.[6] Localized skin lesions may be treated by surgery, injections of chemotherapy into the lesion, or radiation therapy.[6] Widespread disease may be treated with chemotherapy or biologic therapy.[4][6] In those with HIV/AIDS, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prevents and often treats KS.[8][9] In certain cases the addition of chemotherapy may be required.[9] With widespread disease, death may occur.[6]

The condition is relatively common in people with HIV/AIDS and following organ transplant.[6][8][9] Over 35% of people with AIDS may be affected.[10] KS was first described by Moritz Kaposi in 1872.[11][12] It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s.[11] KSHV was discovered as a causative agent in 1994.[11][13]

  1. ^ Sand M, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Paech V, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG (June 2010). "Cutaneous lesions of the nose". Head & Face Medicine. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-6-7. PMC 2903548. PMID 20525327.
  2. ^ Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. S.v. "Kaposi's sarcoma." Retrieved August 15, 2017 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kaposi's+sarcoma
  3. ^ Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. S.v. "Kaposi's sarcoma." Retrieved August 15, 2017 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Kaposi's+sarcoma
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 16 June 2017.
  5. ^ Schneider JW, Dittmer DP (August 2017). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 18 (4): 529–539. doi:10.1007/s40257-017-0270-4. PMC 5509489. PMID 28324233.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schwartz RA, Micali G, Nasca MR, Scuderi L (August 2008). "Kaposi sarcoma: a continuing conundrum". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 59 (2): 179–206, quiz 207–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.001. PMID 18638627.
  7. ^ a b The Global Cancer Observatory (2019). "Kaposi sarcoma" (PDF). Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cesarman E, Damania B, Krown SE, Martin J, Bower M, Whitby D (January 2019). "Kaposi sarcoma". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 5 (1): 9. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0060-9. PMC 6685213. PMID 30705286.
  9. ^ a b c Hoffmann C, Sabranski M, Esser S (2017). "HIV-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma". Oncology Research and Treatment. 40 (3): 94–98. doi:10.1159/000455971. PMID 28259888. S2CID 9700628.
  10. ^ Ferri FF (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 735. ISBN 9780323529570.
  11. ^ a b c "Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  12. ^ Kaposi M (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis. 4 (2): 265–273. doi:10.1007/BF01830024. S2CID 31438763.
  13. ^ Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (December 1994). "Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma". Science. 266 (5192): 1865–1869. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1865C. doi:10.1126/science.7997879. PMID 7997879. S2CID 29977325.

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