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Kingdom of Romania Regatul României (Romanian) | |
|---|---|
| 1881–1947 | |
| Motto: Nihil Sine Deo ("Nothing without God") | |
| Anthem: Marș triumfal ("Triumphant March") (1881–1884) Trăiască Regele | |
.svg) The Kingdom of Romania in 1939 | |
.svg) The Kingdom of Romania in 1914 | |
| Capital | |
| Largest city | Bucharest (1881–1916, 1918–1947) Iași (1916–1918) |
| Official languages | Romanian[1] |
| Common languages | |
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox (State Religion)[2] |
| Demonym(s) | Romanian |
| Government | Constitutional monarchy |
| King | |
• 1881–1914 | Carol I |
• 1914–1927 | Ferdinand I |
• 1927–1930 (1st reign) | Michael I |
• 1930–1940 | Carol II |
• 1940–1947 (2nd reign) | Michael I |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1881 (first) | Ion Brătianu |
• 1940–1944 | Ion Antonescu[a] |
• 1945–1947 (last) | Petru Groza |
| Legislature | Parliament (1881–1937; 1939–1940) None (rule by decree) (1937–1939; 1940–1946) Assembly of Deputies (1946–1947) |
| Senate (1881–1937; 1939–1940) | |
| Assembly of Deputies (1881–1937; 1939–1940) | |
| Historical era | |
| 1881 | |
| 30 December 1947 | |
| Area | |
| 1915[b] | 137,903 km2 (53,245 sq mi) |
| 1940[b][c] | 295,049 km2 (113,919 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1915[b] | 7,900,000 |
| 20,058,378 | |
| GDP (nominal) | 1938[d] estimate |
• Total | $2.834 billion |
| Currency | Romanian Leu |
| ISO 3166 code | RO |
| Today part of | |
| |
The Kingdom of Romania (Romanian: Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 13 March (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic.
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two principalities: (Moldavia and Wallachia) called the Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia also known as "The Little Union" under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a Hohenzollern monarchy. The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of Bessarabia in exchange for Northern Dobruja. The kingdom's territory during the reign of King Carol I, between 13 (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October 1914 is sometimes referred to as the Romanian Old Kingdom, to distinguish it from "Greater Romania", which included the provinces that became part of the state after World War I (Bessarabia, Banat, Bukovina, and Transylvania).
With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania, these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940, under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union. Following the abolishment of the 1923 constitution by King Carol II in 1938, the Kingdom of Romania became an absolute monarchy, only to become a military dictatorship under Ion Antonescu in 1940 after the forced abdication of King Carol II, with his successor, King Michael I being a figurehead with no effective political power. The country's name was changed to Legionary Romania.
The disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers led to King Michael's Coup against Ion Antonescu in 1944, as a result of which the Kingdom of Romania became a constitutional monarchy again and switched sides to the Allies, recovering Northern Transylvania. The influence of the neighbouring Soviet Union and the policies followed by Communist-dominated coalition governments ultimately led to the abolition of the monarchy, with Romania becoming a Soviet satellite state as the People's Republic of Romania on the last day of 1947.
- ^ "Constitutiunea din 1923" (in Romanian). Legislatie pentru Democratie. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Bataković, Dušan T. (2011). Minorities in the Balkans: State policy and interethnic relations (1804 - 2004): Les minorites dans les Balkans. Balkanološki institut SANU. p. 98. ISBN 9788671790680.
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006. ISBN 1-4039-9341-6
- ^ Ioan Scurtu (2005). "Istoria contemporana a României (1918-2005)" (in Romanian). Bucharest. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Institutul Central de Statistică (1943). "Indicatorul localităților din România" (PDF) (in Romanian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ Berg-Schlosser, D.; Mitchell, J. (8 January 2016). D. Berg-Schlosser, J. Mitchell, Springer, Feb 23, 2000, The Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies, p. 392. Springer. ISBN 978-0-333-99377-4. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
- ^ "United States - Bureau of Mines, Economics and Statistics Branch, December 1944, Foreign Minerals Survey - The Mineral Resources of Rumania, p. 4". 1943. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21. Retrieved 2023-03-13.