Kongo-Wara rebellion

Kongo-Wara rebellion
Date	1928–1931
Location	French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon
Result	Rebellion defeated
Belligerents
Gbaya people and clans Co-belligerents:; Mbum people; Mbai people; Pana people; Yangere people; Mbimou people; Goundi people	France French Equatorial Africa; French Cameroon; Fula people Co-belligerents:; Gbaya chiefdoms
Commanders and leaders
Karnou †; Bissi; Yandjere	Governor Auguste Lamblin; Paul Germain; Gaëtan Germain; Pierre Crubillé; Lt. Émile Boutin
Strength
290,000 villagers; 60,000 warriors	unknown
Casualties and losses
10,000-100,000	unknown

The Kongo-Wara rebellion, also known as the War of the Hoe Handle^[3] and the Baya War,^[4] was a rural, anticolonial rebellion in the former colonies of French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon which began as a result of recruitment of the native population in railway construction and rubber tapping.^[5] It was a large colonial uprising but also among the least well-known uprisings during the interwar period.^[6] Much of the conflict took place in what is now part of the Central African Republic.

^ ^a ^b Burnham, Philip; Christensen, Thomas (1983). "Karnu's Message and the 'War of the Hoe Handle': Interpreting a Central African Resistance Movement". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 53 (4): 3–22. doi:10.2307/1159708. JSTOR 1159708. S2CID 145474688.
^ Middleton, John (1997). Encyclopedia of Africa south of the Sahara. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 163. ISBN 0684804662.
^ Giles-Vernick, Tamara (2002). Cutting the Vines of the Past: Environmental Histories of the Central African Rain Forest (1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 31. ISBN 0813921031.
^ Kalck, Pierre (2005). Historical dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd ed.). Lanham (Md.): Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 0810849135.
^ Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1986). The Cambridge history of Africa (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 397. ISBN 0521225051.
^ Thomas, Martin (2005). The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. pp. 211–244, 279, 350. ISBN 9780719065187.

[Karnu's_Message-1] Burnham, Philip; Christensen, Thomas (1983). "Karnu's Message and the 'War of the Hoe Handle': Interpreting a Central African Resistance Movement". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 53 (4): 3–22. doi:10.2307/1159708. JSTOR 1159708. S2CID 145474688.

[Encyclopedia_of_Africa_south_of_the_Sahara-2] Middleton, John (1997). Encyclopedia of Africa south of the Sahara. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 163. ISBN 0684804662.

[Rain_Forest-3] Giles-Vernick, Tamara (2002). Cutting the Vines of the Past: Environmental Histories of the Central African Rain Forest (1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 31. ISBN 0813921031.

[Dictionary-4] Kalck, Pierre (2005). Historical dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd ed.). Lanham (Md.): Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 0810849135.

[Cambridge_History-5] Fage, J.D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1986). The Cambridge history of Africa (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 397. ISBN 0521225051.

[Empire-6] Thomas, Martin (2005). The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. pp. 211–244, 279, 350. ISBN 9780719065187.

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