Back لاهندا Arabic Idioma lahnda AST لندا دیللری AZB Lahnda Catalan Lahnda Spanish زبانهای لندا Persian Lahnda Finnish Lahnda French Lingua lahnda Galician लहन्दा भाषाएँ Hindi
| Lahnda | |
|---|---|
| لہندا | |
| Region | Western Punjab region |
| Ethnicity | Punjabis |
| Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | lah |
| ISO 639-3 | lah |
Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;[1] لہندا, Punjabi pronunciation: [lɛ˦n.d̪äː]), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi,[2] is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"[3] or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.[4][a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.[5] The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[4]
Lahnda includes the following languages: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), Jatki dialects, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).[3] Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.[3][6] Glottolog, however, regards only the Shahpuri, Dhanni and Jatki dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").[7][8]
- ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597.
LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
- ^ a b c Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ a b Masica 1991, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Masica 1991, p. 18.
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi".
- ^ "Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki".
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