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Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass.[1] Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by mass) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO.[2] Lead glass is often desirable for a variety of uses due to its clarity.[3] In marketing terms it is often called crystal glass.
The term lead crystal is, technically, not an accurate term to describe lead glass, because glass lacks a crystalline structure and is instead an amorphous solid. The use of the term lead crystal remains popular for historical and commercial reasons, but this term is sometimes changed to simply crystal because of lead's reputation as a toxic substance. It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal (quartz) imitated by Murano glassmakers. This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative holloware.[4]
Lead crystal glassware was formerly used to store and serve drinks, but due to the health risks of lead, this has become rare. One alternative material is modern crystal glass, in which barium oxide, zinc oxide, or potassium oxide are employed instead of lead oxide.
In the European Union, labelling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labelled "crystalline" or "crystal glass".[5]
- ^ Newton, Roy G.; Sandra Davison (1989). Conservation of Glass. Butterworth – Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-408-10623-9.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
hurst-vosewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Benvenuto, Mark Anthony (24 February 2015). Industrial Chemistry: For Advanced Students. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110351705.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
taitwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Council Directive 69/493/EEC of 15 December 1969 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass".