Maqam (Sufism)

Maqām^[1] (Arabic: مَقَام "station"; plural مَقَامَات maqāmāt) refers to each stage a Sufi's soul must attain in its search for God.^[2] The stations are derived from the most routine considerations a Sufi must deal with on a day-to-day basis and is essentially an embodiment of both mystical knowledge and Islamic law (Sharia). Although the number and order of maqamat are not universal the majority agree on the following seven: Tawba, Wara', Zuhd, Faqr, Ṣabr, Tawakkul, and Riḍā.^[3] Sufis believe that these stations are the grounds of the spiritual life, and they are viewed as a mode through which the most elemental aspects of daily life begin to play a vital role in the overall attainment of oneness with God.^[4]

It is within the power of a Sufi to fulfill the obligations pertaining to the specific station, and keeping it until its full precision is comprehended.^[5] That is to say, it is only when one stage has been reached that the next stage may be attained. In order to reach a higher maqam, one must continue to possess the maqam below it and not become deprived of it. Each of the stations stand related to each other in a hierarchical order, so that even when they are transcended they remain a permanent possession of the one who attained them. Possession of a certain station means not only to experience it outworldly, but to be internally transformed by it and, in a sense, to embody the stage itself.^[6]

^ "maqām". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Gardet, L. "Ḥāl." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman; , Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; , E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 2 April 2011 <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0254^{[permanent dead link‍]}>
^ "maqām." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 7 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363635/maqam>.
^ Sells, Michael Anthony. Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qur'an, Mi'Raj, Poetic and Theological Writings. New York: Paulist, 1996. 196-211. Print.
^ Nicholson, Reynold, and al-Hujwiri. The Kashf Al-Mahjub: a Persian Treatise on Sufism. Lahore etc.: Zia-ul-Quran Publications, 2001. Print.
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Sufi Essays. New York: G. Allen and Unwin, 1972. 73-82. Print.

[1] "maqām". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[Gardet-2] Gardet, L. "Ḥāl." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman; , Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; , E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 2 April 2011 <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-0254^{[permanent dead link‍]}>

[3] "maqām." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 7 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363635/maqam>.

[Sells-4] Sells, Michael Anthony. Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qur'an, Mi'Raj, Poetic and Theological Writings. New York: Paulist, 1996. 196-211. Print.

[Nicholson-5] Nicholson, Reynold, and al-Hujwiri. The Kashf Al-Mahjub: a Persian Treatise on Sufism. Lahore etc.: Zia-ul-Quran Publications, 2001. Print.

[6] Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Sufi Essays. New York: G. Allen and Unwin, 1972. 73-82. Print.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]