Maynila (historical polity)

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In Philippine history, the Tagalog bayan ("country" or "city-state")^[6][1] of Maynila was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago.^[7] Fortified with a wooden palisade which was appropriate for the predominant battle tactics of its time,^[1] it lay on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, where the district of Intramuros in Manila currently stands,^[6][8] and across the river from the separately-led Tondo polity.^[1][7]

Maynila was led by paramount rulers who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja".^[6][1] In popular literature and in history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence, precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the "Kingdom of Maynila", and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a "monopoly on the legitimate use of force".^[7][9] Instead, limited population sizes, the ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion.^[1][7][10] Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the Kingdom of Luzon, although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the Manila Bay region as a whole, expanding the possible dominion of the kingdom.^[1][11]

The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement.^[1] However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s.^[1] By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the Ming dynasty.^[12] With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods.^[13]

Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called "Seludong" or "Saludong" which was said to be a vassal to the Bruneian Sultanate; but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia.^[8] For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule.^[7] Intermarriage was a common strategy for large thassalocratic states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility.^[1] Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times.^[14]

By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two paramount rulers (the more senior Rajah Matanda and the younger Rajah Sulayman), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers ("Datu") under them.^[6][1] This was the political situation encountered by Martin de Goiti when he attacked Maynila in May of that year.^[8] This "Battle of Maynila" ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila,^[8] although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.^[13]

Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior, Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of New Spain.^[8] After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo,^[13][1] Maynila was declared as the new Spanish city of Manila on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity.^[8]

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