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Michael S. Hart

For other people named Michael Hart, see Michael Hart (disambiguation).
Michael S. Hart
Michael Hart of Project Gutenberg at H.O.P.E Conference, 2006
Born
Michael Stern Hart

(1947-03-08)March 8, 1947
Tacoma, Washington, U.S.
DiedSeptember 6, 2011(2011-09-06) (aged 64)
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Illinois
OccupationAuthor
Known forProject Gutenberg
Websitehart.pglaf.org

Michael Stern Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011)[1] was an American author, best known as the inventor of the e-book and the founder of Project Gutenberg (PG), the first project to make e-books freely available via the Internet.[1][2][3][4] He published e-books via ARPANET years before the Internet existed,[5][6] and later on BBS networks[7] and Gopher servers.[8]

Hart devoted his life after founding PG in 1971 to digitizing and distributing literature from works in the public domain with free and expired copyrights. The first e-books[5][9] were typed in plain text format[6][7] and published as text files; other formats were made available later. Hart typed most of the early e-books himself; later, volunteers expanded the project.[5][10][11]

  1. ^ a b Michael S. Hart, Project Gutenberg, archived from the original on 6 July 2017
  2. ^ "Hobbes' Internet Timeline". Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  3. ^ Flood, Alison (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64". The Guardian.
  4. ^ Grimes, William (8 September 2011). "Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64". The New York Times.
  5. ^ a b c Schofield, Jack (14 September 2011). "More about Project Gutenberg's Michael Hart, RIP". ZDNet's Tech Industry.
  6. ^ a b Moody, Glyn (8 September 2011), "Michael Hart (1947–2011): Prophet of Abundance", Open Enterprise (blog), UK: Computer World, archived from the original on 12 September 2011
  7. ^ a b Hart, Michael S. (August 1992), The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg, Project Gutenberg
  8. ^ Jensen, Michael Jon (12 September 2011). "Michael Hart, 1947–2011, Defined the Landscape of Digital Publishing". Chronicle of Higher Education.
  9. ^ "Michael Hart". The News-Gazette. 8 September 2011.
  10. ^ Kahle, Brewster (7 September 2011). "Michael Hart of Project Gutenberg Passes". Brewster Kahle's blog.
  11. ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 1998). "Michael Hart Builds A Digital Athenaeum". The Wired 25 - 6.11.

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