Second epoch of the Triassic period
Middle Triassic A map of Earth as it appeared 240 million years ago during the Middle Triassic Epoch, Ladinian Age
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← Full recovery of woody trees[ 2]
Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS , as of 2023.[ 5] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Name formality Formal Celestial body Earth Regional usage Global (ICS ) Time scale(s) used ICS Time Scale Chronological unit Epoch Stratigraphic unit Series Time span formality Formal Lower boundary definition Not formally defined Lower boundary definition candidates
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Upper boundary definition FAD of the Ammonite Daxatina canadensis Upper boundary GSSP Prati di Stuores , Dolomites , Italy 46°31′37″N 11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E / 46.5269; 11.9303 Upper GSSP ratified 2008[ 6]
In the geologic timescale , the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy . The Middle Triassic spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages .[citation needed ]
Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk . This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.[citation needed ]
^ Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery" . Frontiers in Earth Science . 8 (196): 196. Bibcode :2020FrEaS...8..196W . doi :10.3389/feart.2020.00196 .
^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 22 (10): 548–557. doi :10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003 . PMID 17919771 .
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Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J. ; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants" . GSA Bulletin . 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode :1996GSAB..108..195R . doi :10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2 . Retrieved 2007-09-29 .
^ Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction" . Science . 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode :2004Sci...305..506P . doi :10.1126/science.1097023 . PMID 15273391 . S2CID 35498132 .
^ Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016 . Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0 .
^ Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF) . Episodes . 35 (3): 414–430. doi :10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003 . Retrieved 13 December 2020 .