Mindfulness

Part of a series on
Mindfulness
Buddhism Buddhist meditation Sati Anussati Sampajañña Satipatthana Anapanasati Mental noting Appamāda Vipassanā Zen
Psychology Mindfulness-based stress reduction Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy Mindfulness-based pain management Acceptance and commitment therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Mode deactivation therapy Morita therapy Hakomi therapy Mindfulness (journal)
Other Buddhism and psychology Mindful Yoga
Similar concepts Wakefulness Attention Alertness Prudence Conscientiousness Contemplation Epoché Awareness Observation Choiceless awareness Isolation tank
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Mindfulness is the cognitive skill, usually developed through meditation, of sustaining meta-attentive awareness towards the contents of one's own mind in the present moment.^{[1][2][note 1][3][web 1][2][4][5]} Mindfulness derives from sati, a significant element of Hindu and Buddhist traditions,^[6][7] and is based on Zen, Vipassanā, and Tibetan meditation techniques.^{[8][9][note 2]} Though definitions and techniques of mindfulness are wide-ranging,^[15] Buddhist traditions describe what constitutes mindfulness, such as how perceptions of the past, present and future arise and cease as momentary sense-impressions and mental phenomena.^{[6][16][web 2]} Individuals who have contributed to the popularity of mindfulness in the modern Western context include Thích Nhất Hạnh, Joseph Goldstein, Herbert Benson, Jon Kabat-Zinn, and Richard J. Davidson.^[17][18]

Clinical psychology and psychiatry since the 1970s have developed a number of therapeutic applications based on mindfulness for helping people experiencing a variety of psychological conditions.^[18] Mindfulness practice has been employed to reduce depression,^{[19][20][21][22][23]} stress,^[20][24][23] anxiety,^{[19][20][25][23]} and in the treatment of drug addiction.^[26][27][28] Programs based on mindfulness models have been adopted within schools, prisons, hospitals, veterans' centers, and other environments,^[29][30] and mindfulness programs have been applied for additional outcomes such as for healthy aging, weight management, athletic performance,^[31] helping children with special needs, and as an intervention during early pregnancy.

Clinical studies have documented both physical- and mental-health benefits of mindfulness in different patient categories as well as in healthy adults and children.^[32][33][34] Studies have shown a positive relationship between trait mindfulness (which can be cultivated through the practice of mindfulness-based interventions) and psychological health.^[35][36] The practice of mindfulness appears to provide therapeutic benefits to people with psychiatric disorders,^[37][38][39] including moderate benefits to those with psychosis.^[40][41][42] Studies also indicate that rumination and worry contribute to a variety of mental disorders,^[43][44] and that mindfulness-based interventions can enhance trait mindfulness^[45] and reduce both rumination and worry.^[44][46][47] Further, the practice of mindfulness may be a preventive strategy to halt the development of mental-health problems.^[48][49][50] Mindfulness practices have been said to enable individuals to respond more effectively to stressful situations by helping them strike the balance between over-identification and suppression of their emotional experiences by finding the middle point which is recognition and acceptance.^[51]

Evidence suggests that engaging in mindfulness meditation may influence physical health.^[52] For example, the psychological habit of repeatedly dwelling on stressful thoughts appears to intensify the physiological effects of the stressor (as a result of the continual activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) with the potential to lead to physical-health-related clinical manifestations.^[53][54][55] Studies indicate that mindfulness meditation, which brings about reductions in rumination, may alter these biological clinical pathways.^[53][44][56] Further, research indicates that mindfulness may favorably influence the immune system^[57] as well as inflammation,^[3][58][59] which can consequently impact physical health, especially considering that inflammation has been linked to the development of several chronic health conditions.^[60][61] Other studies support these findings.^[56][62][63]

Critics have questioned both the commercialization and the over-marketing of mindfulness for health benefits—as well as emphasizing the need for more randomized controlled studies, for more methodological details in reported studies and for the use of larger sample-sizes.^{[3][need quotation to verify][36][web 3]} While mindfulness-based interventions may be effective for youth,^[64][65][66] research has not determined methods in which mindfulness could be introduced and delivered in schools.^[67]

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