Back النساء المفقودات والمقتولات من السكان الأصليين Arabic নিখোঁজ ও নিহত দেশীয় নারী Bengali/Bangla Dones indígenes desaparegudes i assassinades Catalan Mujeres indígenas desaparecidas y asesinadas Spanish Meurtres et disparitions de femmes autochtones French Fermiste en fermoarde lânseigen froulju yn Noard-Amearika Frisian 실종 및 살해된 원주민 여성 Korean Missing and murdered Indigenous women SIMPLE Nestale i ubijene domorodačke žene Serbian Зниклі та вбиті жінки корінного населення Ukrainian

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
AbbreviationMMIW
FormationCanada and United States
PurposeMovement to increase awareness of disproportionate violence experienced by Indigenous Canadian and Native American women
Products
Affiliations

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women[a] are instances of violence against Indigenous women in Canada and the United States,[1][2] notably those in the First Nations in Canada and Native American communities,[3][4][5] but also amongst other Indigenous peoples such as in Australia and New Zealand,[2] and the grassroots movement to raise awareness of MMIW through organizing marches; building databases of the missing; holding local community, city council, and tribal council meetings; and conducting domestic violence trainings and other informational sessions for police.[6]

Law enforcement, journalists, and activists in Indigenous communities in both the US and Canada have fought to bring awareness to the connection between sex trafficking, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and the women who go missing and are murdered.[7][8][9] From 2001 to 2015, the homicide rate for Indigenous women in Canada was almost six times higher than that for other women.[10]: 22  In Nunavut, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and in the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan, this over-representation of Indigenous women among homicide victims was even higher.[10]: 22  In the US, Native American women are more than twice as likely to experience violence than any other demographic; one in three Indigenous women is sexually assaulted during her life, and 55.5% are violently assaulted by an intimate partner. 66.4% have experienced psychological aggression from an intimate partner. 67% of assaults that are reported involve non-Indigenous perpetrators, while 70% of assaults go unreported.[11][12][13][14][15][b]

MMIW has been described as a Canadian national crisis[17][18][19] and a Canadian genocide.[20][21] In response to repeated calls from Indigenous groups, activists, and non-governmental organizations, the Government of Canada under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau established a National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls in September 2016.[22][23] According to the inquiry's backgrounder, "Indigenous women and girls in Canada are disproportionately affected by all forms of violence. Although Indigenous women make up 4 per cent of Canada's female population, 16 per cent of all women murdered in Canada between 1980 and 2012 were Indigenous."[24] The inquiry was completed and presented to the public on June 3, 2019.[22] Notable MMIW cases in Canada include 19 women killed in the Highway of Tears murders, and some of the 49 women from the Vancouver area murdered by serial killer Robert Pickton.[25]

In the US, the federal Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was reauthorized in 2013, which for the first time gave tribes jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute felony domestic violence offenses involving both Native American offenders as well as non-Native offenders on reservations.[26][c] In 2019, the House of Representatives, led by the Democratic Party, passed H.R. 1585 (Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019) by a vote of 263–158, which increases tribes' prosecution rights much further. The bill was not taken up by the Senate, which at the time had a Republican majority.[28]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues calls for an Expert Group Meeting on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women". Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020. The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues has recommended that the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States, in cooperation with UN entities, "organize an international expert group meeting, by 2021, on ongoing issues of violence against indigenous women and girls in the region, including trafficking as well as the continuing crisis of missing and murdered indigenous women."
  2. ^ a b "About Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and the film WHO SHE IS". Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  3. ^ Gambino, Lauren (March 7, 2019). "REDress exhibit highlights epidemic of missing and murdered indigenous women". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  4. ^ "Rep. Haaland addresses Congress on epidemic of missing, endangered indigenous women". KRQE Media. March 14, 2019. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  5. ^ Hopkins, Ruth (September 11, 2018). "When the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Crisis Hits Home". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019. With issues concerning jurisdictional power and poor communication between families and local, state, tribal, and federal authorities contribute to the epidemic of missing and murdered Indigenous women.
  6. ^ Baker, Carrie N. (December 2, 2019). "Making Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Visible". Ms. magazine. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  7. ^ Wood, Tyesha M. "Sex Trafficking & Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women – How Education can keep our communities safe" (PDF). acl.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Intersection between Sex Trafficking and MMIW&C
  8. ^ Martin, Nick (October 15, 2019). "The Connection Between Pipelines and Sexual Violence – Attempts to address the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Crisis could be counteracted by the problems "man camps" cause for reservation communities". The New Republic. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019. A number of studies, reports, and congressional hearings now connect man camps—which can be used in mines and other extractive efforts as well—with increased rates of sexual violence and sex trafficking. ... The most well-documented cases thus far have occurred in the Tar Sands region of Alberta, Canada, as well as in western North Dakota and eastern Montana—an area known otherwise as the Bakken oil fields—though such activity is in no way exclusive to the region.
  9. ^ CTV News Montreal (October 15, 2019). "Rape, murder and harassment: Painful stories shared at MMIWG hearings in Quebec". CTV News. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Dozens of families travelled to the Innu community of Mani-Utenam near Sept-Iles to share their emotional stories, many opening up about allegations of rape, murder, and harassment at the hands of police.
  10. ^ a b Mahony, Tina Hotton; Jacob, Joanna; Hobson, Heather (June 6, 2017). Women and the Criminal Justice System (PDF) (Report). Women in Canada: A Gender-based Statistical Report. Statistics Canada. p. 42. ISSN 1719-4407. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  11. ^ "True Consequences: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls". trueconsequences.libsyn.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  12. ^ Policy Insights – Brief Statistics on Violence Against Native Women (PDF). NCAI Policy Research Center. 2013. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2019. A previously reported statistic that, "Among [American Indian and Alaska Native] victims of rape or sexual assault, 86 percent described the offender as non‐Indian" is accurate according to Perry's analysis (2004) in American Indians and Crime: A BJS Statistical Profile, 1992–2002. However, Perry's analysis includes reports by both Native men and women victims of rape or sexual assault. Given this brief's focus on violence against Native women, we include the updated rate of 67 percent reported by Native women victims of rape or sexual assault indicated in Bachman, et al., (2008).
  13. ^ Rosay, André B. (May 2016). "Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men: 2010 Findings From the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey" (PDF). National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). National Institute of Justice. p. 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2020. Table A.5: American Indian or Alaska Native Female Victims: Sexual violence in lifetime by interracial perpetrator confidence interval (likelihood) weighted estimate (weighed based on percentage of population) 91.9% to 100.5% and intraracial perpetrator 10.8% to 30.4%
  14. ^ Roe, Bubar; Jumper Thurman, Pamela (2004). "Violence against native women". Social Justice. 31 (4 [98]): 70–86. JSTOR 29768276. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019. Natives are more likely to be victims of crime than are any other group in the United States. People of a different race committed 70% of violent victimizations against Natives. The report also notes the rate of violent crime experienced by Native women between 1992 and 1996 was nearly 50% higher than that reported by African American males, long known to experience very high rates of violent victimization. According to the Department of Justice, 70% of sexual assaults of Native women are never reported, which suggests that the number of violent victimizations of Native women is higher (Ibid.).
  15. ^ Chekuru, Kavitha (March 6, 2013). "Sexual violence scars Native American Women". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2016. According to the Department of Justice, 86 percent of rapes and sexual assaults against Native American women are committed by non-Native American men.
  16. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2011–2015". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  17. ^ Krishnan, Manisha (August 3, 2016). "Here's What the Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women Inquiry is Missing". Vice News. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017. After years of debate and inaction, the Canadian government has finally launched an inquiry into the national crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women.
  18. ^ Walker, Connie (April 10, 2016). "Missing, murdered aboriginal women crisis demands a look at root causes". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  19. ^ Bailey, Jane; Shayan, Sara (2016). "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Crisis: Technological Dimensions". Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. 28 (2): 321–341. doi:10.3138/cjwl.28.2.321. S2CID 151717583. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  20. ^ Barrera, Jorge (May 31, 2019). "National inquiry calls murders and disappearances of Indigenous women a 'Canadian genocide'". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  21. ^ Austen, Ian; Bilefsky, Dan (June 3, 2019). "Canadian Inquiry Calls Killings of Indigenous Women Genocide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  22. ^ a b "National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Archived June 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine"
  23. ^ "About Us — National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls". National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  24. ^ Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (April 22, 2016). "Background on the inquiry". www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  25. ^ Dalton, Jane (June 1, 2019). "Murdered and missing women and girls in Canada tragedy is genocide rooted in colonialism, official inquiry finds". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2019. State 'actions and inactions and ideology' blamed for allowing attackers to get away with violence over nearly 50 years
  26. ^ Cook, Andrea J. (April 1, 2015). "Tribal leaders urged to apply Violence Against Women Act". Rapid City Journal. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  27. ^ Milke, Mark (January 12, 2013). "Increasing number of Aboriginals choose not to live on reserves". Calgary Herald and Regina Leader Post. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  28. ^ Willis, Jay (December 13, 2019). "Why Can't the Senate Pass the Violence Against Women Act?". GQ. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.

Developed by StudentB