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Modern capitalist society

Modern capitalist society is a term used to describe a type of capitalist society in which a capitalist class of "new elites" and "old elites" concerned with maximizing their wealth secures a political system that serves and protects their interests, leading to the development of a wage-earning class.[1] The term is commonly used by historians to refer to a transition from a premodern feudal society to a modern capitalist society, with consensus being that England emerged as the first modern capitalist society through the English Civil War (1642-51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688-89).[2][3] Historians identify that the transition into modern capitalist society is often defined by a bourgeois revolution in which rising elites secure a system of representative democracy, rather than direct democracy, that serves their interests over the interests of the previously ruling royal aristocracy, such as in the American Revolution.[1][2][4]

Modern capitalist societies rely on calculated and systematic production, different from the merchant capitalism of the Italian city-states, and are defined by the existence of a wage-earning class that functions as the counterpart to a capitalist class.[2] They are described as highly competitive and individualistic, focusing on private interests over public welfare, through prioritizing commodity production and profit maximization.[5][6] Defending private property, preserving law and order, maintaining the economic exploitation and political impotence of the wage-earning class, training the wage-earning class in the tasks that modern capitalist society requires to function, educating the wage-earning class to internalize the principles of capitalist-democracy, often through forms of propaganda in the mass media, and conditioning the wage-earning class to believe that they are autonomous and live in a society ruled by the citizenry, have all been identified by scholars as forces which maintain modern capitalist societies.[7][8][9]

Modern capitalist societies are positioned in Western culture as a phase of human progression that is superior or "more advanced" than "premodern" forms of society.[10] This perspective was most evidently portrayed through colonial logics which asserted that Indigenous peoples belonged to more "primitive" cultures and therefore should assimilate into more "civilized" societies or face genocide (e.g., "Kill the Indian, Save the Man").[11][12][13] For Marxists, anarchists, and others, modern capitalist society is a phase which will eventually lead to the emergence of a qualitatively different form of society. In opposition, liberals and others are opposed to the structural transformation of modern capitalist society.[14]

  1. ^ a b Cust, Richard; Hughes, Ann (2014). Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics 1603-1642. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9781317885023.
  2. ^ a b c Lundskow, George (2008). The Sociology of Religion: A Substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach. SAGE Publications. p. 97. ISBN 9781412937214.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1991). The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States. Verso. pp. 146. ISBN 9780860913627.
  6. ^ Dutt, Sagarika (2006). India in a Globalized World. Manchester University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781847792143.
  7. ^ White, Leslie A. (2016). Modern Capitalist Culture, Abridged Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN 9781315424408.
  8. ^ Williams, Raymond (2000). "Advertising: The Magic System". In Marris, Paul; Thornham, Sue (eds.). Media Studies: A Reader - 2nd Edition. NYU Press. pp. 704–705. ISBN 9780814756478.
  9. ^ Garner, Roberta; Hancock, Black Hawk (2014). Social Theory, Volume II: From Modern to Contemporary Theory, Third Edition. University of Toronto Press. pp. 573–578. ISBN 9781442607408.
  10. ^ Kawamura, Nozomu (2013). Sociology and Society of Japan. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9781317793199.
  11. ^ Furniss, Elizabeth (1999). The Burden of History: Colonialism and the Frontier Myth in a Rural Canadian Community. UBC Press. pp. 146. ISBN 9780774807111.
  12. ^ Brown, Enora R. (2009). Handbook of Social Justice in Education. Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–82. ISBN 9781135596149.
  13. ^ Bruchac, Margaret M. (2018). Savage Kin: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists. University of Arizona Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780816538300.
  14. ^ Comninel, George C. (2003). Delanty, Gerard; Isin, Engin F. (eds.). Handbook of Historical Sociology. SAGE Publications. pp. 87. ISBN 0761971734.

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