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Mycoplankton

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Mycoplankton are saprotrophic members of the plankton communities of marine and freshwater ecosystems.[1][2] They are composed of filamentous free-living fungi and yeasts that are associated with planktonic particles or phytoplankton.[3] Similar to bacterioplankton, these aquatic fungi play a significant role in heterotrophicmineralization and nutrient cycling.[4] Mycoplankton can be up to 20 mm in diameter and over 50 mm in length.[5]

In a typical milliliter of seawater, there are approximately 103 to 104 fungal cells.[6] This number is greater in coastal ecosystems and estuaries due to nutritional runoff from terrestrial communities. Aquatic fungi are found in a myriad of ecosystems, from mangroves, to wetlands, to the open ocean.[7] The greatest diversity and number of species of mycoplankton is found in surface waters (< 1000 m), and the vertical profile depends on the abundance of phytoplankton.[8][9] Furthermore, this difference in distribution may vary between seasons due to nutrient availability.[10] Aquatic fungi survive in a constant oxygen deficient environment, and therefore depend on oxygen diffusion by turbulence and oxygen generated by photosynthetic organisms.[11]

  1. ^ Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL, eds. (2014-08-27). Freshwater Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-033348-0.
  2. ^ Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL (2012-08-31). Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-026406-7.
  3. ^ Wang X, Singh P, Gao Z, Zhang X, Johnson ZI, Wang G (2014-07-03). "Distribution and diversity of planktonic fungi in the West Pacific Warm Pool". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e101523. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j1523W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101523. PMC 4081592. PMID 24992154.
  4. ^ Raghukumar C, ed. (2012). "Biology of Marine Fungi". Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. 53. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5. ISBN 978-3-642-23341-8. ISSN 0079-6484. S2CID 39378040.
  5. ^ Damare S, Raghukumar C (July 2008). "Fungi and macroaggregation in deep-sea sediments". Microbial Ecology. 56 (1): 168–177. Bibcode:2008MicEc..56..168D. doi:10.1007/s00248-007-9334-y. PMID 17994287. S2CID 21288251.
  6. ^ Kubanek J, Jensen PR, Keifer PA, Sullards MC, Collins DO, Fenical W (June 2003). "Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: a targeted chemical defense against marine fungi". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (12): 6916–6921. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6916K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1131855100. PMC 165804. PMID 12756301.
  7. ^ Jobard M, Rasconi S, Sime-Ngando T (2010-06-01). "Diversity and functions of microscopic fungi: a missing component in pelagic food webs". Aquatic Sciences. 72 (3): 255–268. Bibcode:2010AqSci..72..255J. doi:10.1007/s00027-010-0133-z. ISSN 1420-9055. S2CID 36789070.
  8. ^ Gao Z, Johnson ZI, Wang G (January 2010). "Molecular characterization of the spatial diversity and novel lineages of mycoplankton in Hawaiian coastal waters". The ISME Journal. 4 (1): 111–120. Bibcode:2010ISMEJ...4..111G. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.87. PMID 19641535. S2CID 2395339.
  9. ^ Panzer K, Yilmaz P, Weiß M, Reich L, Richter M, Wiese J, et al. (2015-07-30). "Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0134377. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034377P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134377. PMC 4520555. PMID 26226014.
  10. ^ "First record of flamentous fungi in the coastal upwelling ecosystem off central Chile". Gayana (Concepción). 68 (2). 2004. doi:10.4067/s0717-65382004000200001. ISSN 0717-6538.
  11. ^ Sridhar KR (2009). Aquatic fungi – Are they planktonic? Plankton Dynamics of Indian Waters. Jaipur, India: Pratiksha Publications. pp. 133–148.

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