 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (November 2013) |  |
A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions.[1] They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects;[2] their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.[3][4]
Receptors for myokines are found on muscle, fat, liver, pancreas, bone, heart, immune, and brain cells.[2] The location of these receptors reflects the fact that myokines have multiple functions. Foremost, they are involved in exercise-associated metabolic changes, as well as in the metabolic changes following training adaptation.[1] They also participate in tissue regeneration and repair, maintenance of healthy bodily functioning, immunomodulation; and cell signaling, expression and differentiation.[1]
- ^ a b c Pedersen BK, Akerström TC, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP (September 2007). "Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism". Journal of Applied Physiology. 103 (3): 1093–8. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007. PMID 17347387.
- ^ a b Delezie, Julien; Handschin, Christoph (2018). "Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain". Frontiers in Neurology. 9: 698. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00698. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 6117390. PMID 30197620.
- ^ Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (April 2012). "Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 8 (8): 457–65. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49. PMID 22473333. S2CID 205480628.
- ^ Pedersen, Bente K (2011). "Muscle as a secretory organ". Comprehensive Physiology. 3 (3). Wiley Online Library: 1337–1362. doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 23897689.