Nile

Nile River
Nile in Cairo, Egypt
Etymology	"The river"
Location
Countries	Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Major cities	Jinja, Juba, Khartoum, Cairo
Physical characteristics
Source	White Nile
• coordinates	02°16′56″S 29°19′53″E / 2.28222°S 29.33139°E / -2.28222; 29.33139
• elevation	2,400 m (7,900 ft)
2nd source	Blue Nile
• location	Lake Tana, Ethiopia
• coordinates	12°02′09″N 037°15′53″E / 12.03583°N 37.26472°E / 12.03583; 37.26472
Mouth	Mediterranean Sea
• location	Nile Delta, Egypt
• coordinates	30°10′21″N 31°8′24″E / 30.17250°N 31.14000°E / 30.17250; 31.14000
• elevation	Sea level
Length	6,650 km (4,130 mi)[a]
Basin size	3,349,000 km2 (1,293,000 sq mi)
Width
• maximum	2.8 km (1.7 mi)
Depth
• average	8–11 m (26–36 ft)
Discharge
• location	Aswan, Egypt
• average	2,633 m3/s (93,000 cu ft/s)
• minimum	530 m3/s (19,000 cu ft/s)
• maximum	7,620 m3/s (269,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Cairo, Egypt
• average	2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s)
• minimum	500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s)
• maximum	7,000 m3/s (250,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Nile Delta, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea
• average	1,584 m3/s (55,900 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	White Nile
• right	Blue Nile, Atbara

The Nile^[b] (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the longest river in the world,^[3][4] though this has been contested by research suggesting that the Amazon River is slightly longer.^[5][6] Of the world's major rivers, the Nile is one of the smallest, as measured by annual flow in cubic metres of water.^[7] About 6,650 km (4,130 mi)^[a] long, its drainage basin covers eleven countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt.^[9] In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan.^[10] The Nile is an important economic driver supporting agriculture and fishing.

The Nile has two major tributaries: the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile is traditionally considered to be the headwaters stream. However, the Blue Nile is the source of most of the water of the Nile downstream, containing 80% of the water and silt. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region. It begins at Lake Victoria and flows through Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia^[11] and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet at the Sudanese capital of Khartoum.^[12]

The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Nubian Desert to Cairo and its large delta, and the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria. Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river and its annual flooding since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of the Aswan Dam. Nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt developed and are found along river banks. The Nile is, with the Rhône and Po, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.^[13]

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