Back Distikstofmonoksied Afrikaans أكسيد النيتروس Arabic غاز مضحك ARZ Azot-1 oksid Azerbaijani دی نیتروژن مونوکسید AZB Диазотен оксид Bulgarian নাইট্রাস অক্সাইড Bengali/Bangla Dušik-suboksid BS Òxid de dinitrogen Catalan Oxid dusný Czech
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC names | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
Oxodiazen-2-ium-1-ide | |
Other names
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| 8137358 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.017 |
| E number | E942 (glazing agents, ...) |
| 2153410 | |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1070 (compressed) 2201 (liquid) |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| N 2O | |
| Molar mass | 44.013 g/mol |
| Appearance | colourless gas |
| Density | 1.977 g/L (gas) |
| Melting point | −90.86 °C (−131.55 °F; 182.29 K) |
| Boiling point | −88.48 °C (−127.26 °F; 184.67 K) |
| 1.5 g/L (15 °C) | |
| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, ether, sulfuric acid |
| log P | 0.35 |
| Vapor pressure | 5150 kPa (20 °C) |
| −18.9·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.000516 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) |
| Viscosity | 14.90 μPa·s[3] |
| Structure | |
| linear, C∞v | |
| 0.166 D | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
219.96 J/(K·mol) |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
+82.05 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| N01AX13 (WHO) | |
| Inhalation | |
| Pharmacokinetics: | |
| 0.004% | |
| 5 minutes | |
| Respiratory | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Danger | |
| H270 | |
| P220, P244, P282, P317, P336, P370+P376, P403, P410+P403 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | Nonflammable |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Ilo.org, ICSC 0067 |
| Related compounds | |
| Nitric oxide Dinitrogen trioxide Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen pentoxide | |
Related compounds
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Ammonium nitrate Azide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, factitious air, among others,[4] is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N
2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and taste.[4] At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.[4]
Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects,[5] and it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, describes the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, which cause it to be used as a recreational drug inducing a brief "high".[5][7] When abused chronically, it may cause neurological damage through inactivation of vitamin B12. It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants and motor racing fuels, and as a frothing gas for whipped cream.
Nitrous oxide is also an atmospheric pollutant, with a concentration of 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at 1 ppb annually.[8][9] It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs.[10] About 40% of human-caused emissions are from agriculture,[11][12] as nitrogen fertilisers are digested into nitrous oxide by soil micro-organisms.[13] As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide substantially contributes to global warming.[14][15] Reduction of emissions is an important goal in the politics of climate change.[16]
- ^ "[Nitrous oxide]". Degruyter.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. PDF, p. 317.
- ^ Takahashi M, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yokoyama C, Takahashi S (1996). "Viscosity of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide from 298.15 K to 398.15 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 41 (6): 1495–1498. doi:10.1021/je960060d. ISSN 0021-9568.
- ^ a b c "Nitrous oxide". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 14 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ a b Quax ML, Van Der Steenhoven TJ, Bronkhorst MW, Emmink BL (July 2020). "Frostbite injury: An unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug". Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 120 (1–4). Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Royal Belgian Society for Surgery: 140–143. doi:10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160. ISSN 0001-5458. PMID 32543291. S2CID 219702849.
- ^ Organization WH (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771.
- ^ Turner S (30 August 2024). "Nitrous-Oxide: What is it good for?". Drug Science. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
agagewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
noaaesrlwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
sciozowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Tian H, Xu R, Canadell JG, Thompson RL, Winiwarter W, Suntharalingam P, et al. (October 2020). "A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks". Nature. 586 (7828): 248–256. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..248T. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0. hdl:1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33028999. S2CID 222217027. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Thompson, R. L., Lassaletta, L., Patra, P. K. (2019). "Acceleration of global N2O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion". Nat. Clim. Change. 9 (12): 993–998. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..993T. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7. hdl:11250/2646484. S2CID 208302708.
- ^ "Reduce nitrous oxide emissions". Ag Matters. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. pp. 677–678.
- ^ "Nitrous oxide emissions pose an increasing climate threat, study finds". phys.org. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ Mundschenk S (3 August 2022). "The Netherlands is showing how not to tackle climate change | The Spectator". www.spectator.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2022.