Back تأثير نوسيبو Arabic Ноцебо Bulgarian Nocebo BS Efecte nocebo Catalan Nocebo Czech Nocebo-effekt Danish Nocebo-Effekt German Efecto nocebo Spanish Notseebo Estonian نوسیبو Persian
A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's negative expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have.[1][2] For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance.[1] The complementary concept, the placebo effect, is said to occur when positive expectations improve an outcome. The nocebo effect is also said to occur in someone who falls ill owing to the erroneous belief that they were exposed to a physical phenomenon they believe is harmful, such as EM radiation.[3]
Both placebo and nocebo effects are presumably psychogenic, but they can induce measurable changes in the body.[1] One article that reviewed 31 studies on nocebo effects reported a wide range of symptoms that could manifest as nocebo effects, including nausea, stomach pains, itching, bloating, depression, sleep problems, loss of appetite, sexual dysfunction, and severe hypotension.[1]
- ^ a b c d Häuser, Hansen & Enck 2012.
- ^ Enck & Häuser 2012.
- ^ Baloh, Robert W.; Bartholomew, Robert E. (2020). Havana Syndrome: Mass Psychogenic Illness and the Real Story Behind the Embassy Mystery and Hysteria. Springer. ISBN 978-3030407452.