Noise pollution

Noise pollution, or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise or sound with potential harmful effects on humans and animals. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and propagation systems.^[1]^[2]^[3] Poor urban planning may give rise to noise disintegration or pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud music, transportation (traffic, rail, airplanes, etc.), lawn care maintenance, construction, electrical generators, wind turbines, explosions and people.

Documented problems associated with noise in urban environments go back as far as ancient Rome.^[4] Research suggests that noise pollution in the United States is the highest in low-income and racial minority neighborhoods,^[5] and noise pollution associated with household electricity generators is an emerging environmental degradation in many developing nations.^[6]

High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease.^[7]^[8] In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.^[9]

^ Senate Public Works Committee. Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972. S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Congress. 2nd session
^ Hogan CM, Latshaw GL (May 21–23, 1973). The relationship between highway planning and urban noise. Proceedings of the ASCE Urban Transportation Division Environment Impact Specialty Conference. Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Civil Engineers. Urban Transportation Division.
^ Marx L (1964). The Machine in the Garden. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Goines L, Hagler L (March 2007). "Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague". Southern Medical Journal. 100 (3). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: 287–294. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3180318be5. PMID 17396733. S2CID 23675085. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
^ Casey JA, Morello-Frosch R, Mennitt DJ, Fristrup K, Ogburn EL, James P (July 2017). "Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Residential Segregation, and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States". Environmental Health Perspectives. 125 (7): 077017. doi:10.1289/EHP898. PMC 5744659. PMID 28749369.
^ Menkiti NU, Agunwamba JC (2015). "Assessment of noise pollution from electricity generators in a high-density residential area". African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 7 (4): 306–312. doi:10.1080/20421338.2015.1082370. S2CID 110539619.
^ Münzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, Herzog J, Daiber A, Sørensen M (February 2018). "Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71 (6): 688–697. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.015. PMID 29420965.
^ Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Stang A, Beck EM, Dragano N, Möhlenkamp S, et al. (November 2006). "Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease". European Heart Journal. 27 (22): 2696–2702. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278. PMID 17003049.
^ "Results and Discussion – Effects – Noise Effect On Wildlife – Noise – Environment – FHWA". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.

[Senate-1] Senate Public Works Committee. Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972. S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Congress. 2nd session

[2] Hogan CM, Latshaw GL (May 21–23, 1973). The relationship between highway planning and urban noise. Proceedings of the ASCE Urban Transportation Division Environment Impact Specialty Conference. Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Civil Engineers. Urban Transportation Division.

[3] Marx L (1964). The Machine in the Garden. New York: Oxford University Press.

[4] Goines L, Hagler L (March 2007). "Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague". Southern Medical Journal. 100 (3). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: 287–294. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3180318be5. PMID 17396733. S2CID 23675085. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2015-12-21.

[5] Casey JA, Morello-Frosch R, Mennitt DJ, Fristrup K, Ogburn EL, James P (July 2017). "Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Residential Segregation, and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States". Environmental Health Perspectives. 125 (7): 077017. doi:10.1289/EHP898. PMC 5744659. PMID 28749369.

[6] Menkiti NU, Agunwamba JC (2015). "Assessment of noise pollution from electricity generators in a high-density residential area". African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 7 (4): 306–312. doi:10.1080/20421338.2015.1082370. S2CID 110539619.

[:0-7] Münzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, Herzog J, Daiber A, Sørensen M (February 2018). "Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71 (6): 688–697. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.015. PMID 29420965.

[8] Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Stang A, Beck EM, Dragano N, Möhlenkamp S, et al. (November 2006). "Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease". European Heart Journal. 27 (22): 2696–2702. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278. PMID 17003049.

[9] "Results and Discussion – Effects – Noise Effect On Wildlife – Noise – Environment – FHWA". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.

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