Northern Yuan

Northern Yuan 北元 ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ Dai Ön 大元 ("Great Yuan") ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ döčin dörben mongγol ulus[1] ("Forty-four Mongol State")
1368–1635
Imperial Seal of the Mongols
The Northern Yuan in the 15th century
Capital	Shangdu (1368–1369) Yingchang (1369–1370) Karakorum (1371–1388)
Common languages	Mongolian, Chinese, Jurchen[2]
Religion	Tengrism, Buddhism, Islam
Government	Monarchy
Khagan
• 1368–1370	Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür (first)
• 1370–1378	Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
• 1378–1388	Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
• 1454–1455	Esen Taishi (only non-Borjigin)
• 1478–1517/1543	Dayan Khan (longest ruling)
• 1557–1592	Tümen Zasagt Khan
• 1603–1634	Ligdan Khan
• 1634–1635	Ejei Khan (last)
Legislature	Yassa Customary rules[3]
Historical era	Late Middle Ages
• Fall of Dadu to Ming forces	September 1368
• Death of Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür	1388
• Dayan Khan reunites the Mongol nation	1483–1510
• Death of Ligdan Khan	1634
• Ejei Khan submits to the Later Jin	1635
Currency	barter, Dirham
Preceded by Succeeded by Yuan dynasty Four Oirat Later Jīn Kara Del Khalkas Mongolia under Qing rule
Today part of	China Mongolia Russia

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History of Mongolia
Timeline States Rulers Nobility Culture Politics Geography Language Religion
Prehistoric period Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC Chandman culture 700–300 BC Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
Ancient period Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD Xianbei state 93–234 Rouran Khaganate 330–555 Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630 682–744 Xueyantuo 628–646 Tang protectorate 647–682 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period Mongol khanates 9th–12th century Khamag Mongol 1130–1206 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 Northern Yuan 1368–1635 Oirat Confederation 1399–1634 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757 Qing dynasty 1691–1911
Modern period National Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919 Chinese occupation 1919–1921 People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921 1921–1924 People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 Modern Mongolia 1990–present
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The Northern Yuan (Chinese: 北元; pinyin: Běi Yuán) was a Mongol dynastic regime ruled by the Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.

Dayan Khan and Mandukhai Khatun reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century.^[4] However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs caused the decentralization of the imperial rule.^[5] Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligdan Khan (1604–1634),^[6] who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty. The last sixty years of this period featured the intensive penetration of Tibetan Buddhism into Mongol society.