Back بيان أكتوبر Arabic Маніфест 17 кастрычніка 1905 года Byelorussian Říjnový manifest Czech Oktobermanifestet Danish Oktobermanifest German Oktobra Manifesto Esperanto Manifiesto de Octubre Spanish 17. oktoobri manifest Estonian Lokakuun manifesti Finnish Manifeste d'octobre French

October Manifesto

Demonstration 17 October 1905 by Ilya Repin
(Russian Museum. St. Petersburg)

The October Manifesto (Russian: Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября), officially "The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order" (Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка), is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first Constitution, which was adopted the following year in 1906. The Manifesto was issued by Tsar Nicholas II (1868–1918, ruled 1894–1917), under the influence of Sergei Witte (1849–1915), on 30 October [O.S. 17 October] 1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Nicholas strenuously resisted these ideas, but gave in after his first choice to head a military dictatorship,[1] Grand Duke Nicholas, threatened to shoot himself in the head if the Tsar did not accept Witte's suggestion.[1] Nicholas reluctantly agreed, and issued what became known as the October Manifesto, promising certain civil rights and an elected parliament called the Duma, without whose approval no laws were to be enacted in Russia in the future. According to his memoirs, Witte did not force the Tsar to sign the October Manifesto,[2] which was proclaimed in all the churches.[3]

  1. ^ a b Scenarios of Power, From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II, by Richard Wortman, p. 398
  2. ^ Memoirs of Count Witte, pp. 227–228
  3. ^ Memoirs of Count Witte, p. 239

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