Operation Varsity

Operation Varsity
Part of Operation Plunder
C-47 transport aircraft drop hundreds of paratroopers as part of Operation Varsity.
Date 24 March 1945 Location North of Wesel, Germany 51°42′09″N 06°36′09″E / 51.70250°N 6.60250°E / 51.70250; 6.60250 Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United States  United Kingdom  Canada	Germany
Commanders and leaders
Matthew B. Ridgway William M. Miley Eric Bols	Wolfgang Erdmann Heinz Fiebig
Units involved
XVIII Airborne Corps 17th Airborne Div. 6th Airborne Div. 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion[1]	7th Parachute Div. 84th Infantry Div.
Strength
16,870[Note 1]	8,000 (est.)[Note 2]
Casualties and losses
2,378–2,700 casualties[Note 3] 72 aircraft[Note 4]	Unknown total casualties 3,500 captured[2]

Operation Varsity (24 March 1945) was a successful airborne forces operation launched by Allied troops toward the end of World War II. Involving more than 16,000 paratroopers and several thousand aircraft, it is the largest airborne operation ever conducted on a single day and in one location.^{[Note 5]}

Varsity was part of Operation Plunder, the Anglo-American-Canadian effort, led by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, to cross the northern Rhine River and from there enter Northern Germany. Varsity was meant to help the surface river assault troops secure a foothold across the Rhine in Western Germany by landing two airborne divisions on its eastern bank near the village of Hamminkeln and the town of Wesel.^[10]

The plans called for dropping two divisions from U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew B. Ridgway, to capture key territory and to generally disrupt German defenses to aid the advance of Allied ground forces. The British 6th Airborne Division was to capture the villages of Schnappenberg and Hamminkeln, clear part of the Diersfordter Wald (Diersfordt Forest) of German forces, and secure three bridges over the River Issel. The U.S. 17th Airborne Division was to capture the village of Diersfordt and clear the rest of the Diersfordter Wald of any remaining German forces. The two divisions would hold the territory they had captured until relieved by advancing units of 21st Army Group, and then join in the general advance into northern Germany.

The airborne forces made several mistakes. Pilot error caused paratroopers from the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment, a regiment of the U.S. 17th Airborne Division, to miss their drop zone and land on a British drop zone instead. Still, the operation was a success: both divisions captured Rhine bridges and secured towns that could have been used by Germany to delay the advance of the British ground forces. The two divisions incurred more than 2,000 casualties, but captured about 3,500 German soldiers. The operation was the last large-scale Allied airborne operation of World War II.^[11]

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