Back حقبة الركود والانتعاشات Arabic Stagnazione e riforme dell'Impero ottomano Italian ოსმალეთის იმპერიის სტაგნაცია Georgian Osmaņu impērijas stagnācija Latvian/Lettish Застој на Отоманското Царство Macedonian Genangan Empayar Uthmaniyah Malay سلطنت عثمانیہ دا جمود PNB د عثماني خلافت پخوانی رژیم Pashto/Pushto Стагнация Османской империи Russian Perandoria Osmane në shek. XVII-XVIII Albanian
Sublime Ottoman State
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| Old Regime: 1703–1789 | |||||||||
 Flag in the Bowles's Universal Display of the Naval Flags of all Nations (1783)
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 The Ottoman Empire in 1699, following the Treaty of Karlowitz at the end of the War of the Holy League. | |||||||||
| Status | Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Constantinople (1453–1922) | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam (state) | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Ottoman | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy & Caliphate | ||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||
• 1695–1703 | Mustafa II | ||||||||
• 1703–1730 | Ahmed III | ||||||||
• 1730–1754 | Mahmud I | ||||||||
• 1754–1757 | Osman III | ||||||||
• 1757–1774 | Mustafa III | ||||||||
• 1774–1789 | Abdulhamid I | ||||||||
• 1789–1807 | Selim III | ||||||||
| Legislature | Imperial Council | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 1703 | |||||||||
| 1718–1730 | |||||||||
• Reforms of Selim III | 1789 | ||||||||
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| History of the Ottoman Empire |
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| Timeline |
| Historiography (Ghaza, Decline) |
The history of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century has classically been described as one of stagnation and reform. In analogy with 18th-century France, it is also known as the Ancien Régime or Old Regime, contrasting with the "New Regime" of the Nizam-i Cedid and Tanzimat in the 19th century.[1]
The period characterized as one of decentralization in the Ottoman political system.[2] Political and economic reforms enacted during the preceding War of the Holy League (1683-1699), particularly the sale of life-term tax farms (Ottoman Turkish: malikāne) instituted in 1695, enabled provincial figures to achieve an unprecedented degree of influence in Ottoman politics. This decentralization had once led historians to believe that the Ottoman Empire was in decline during this period, part of the larger and now debunked Ottoman Decline Thesis, but it is now recognized that the Ottomans were successfully able to tie emerging provincial elites politically and financially to the central government.[3] The empire likewise experienced significant economic growth during much of the eighteenth century[4] and was, until the disastrous war with Russia in 1768-74, also able to match its rivals in military strength.[5] In light of this, the empire's history during this period is now generally viewed in more neutral terms, eschewing concepts such as 'decline' and 'stagnation'.[6] The Old Regime was brought to an end not by a single dramatic event, but by the gradual process of reform begun by Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807), known as the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order). Although Selim himself was deposed, his reforms were continued by his successors into the nineteenth century and utterly transformed the nature of the Ottoman Empire.[7]
- ^ Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 413.
- ^ Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8.
- ^ Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: 5. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.
- ^ Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society. 21 (4): 402. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003. S2CID 153936362.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
militarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass. 1: **. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.
- Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.
- Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7.
- ^ Salzmann, Ariel (2011). "The old regime and the Ottoman Middle East". In Christine Woodhead (ed.). The Ottoman World. Routledge. p. 409.