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Outer Mongolia

This article is about a historical region of the Qing dynasty. For the present day country, see Mongolia. For the former communist state often referred to as Outer Mongolia, see Mongolian People's Republic.
Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia within the Qing dynasty.
Map of Asia in 1914. Mongolia's independence had not yet been widely recognized in the 1910s.
After the Treaty of Kyakhta (North) Mongolia in 1915.
This article contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script.

Outer Mongolia[a] was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia[b] and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained de facto independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution.

While the administrative region of Outer Mongolia during the Qing dynasty only consisted of the four Khalkha aimags (Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag, and Zasagt Khan Aimag), in the late Qing period, "Outer Mongolia" was also used to refer to the combined Khalkha and Oirat regions, as well as the directly-ruled Tannu Uriankhai.

Mongolia Area
蒙古地方
ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ᠣᠯ
Area of the Republic of China
1912–1945

Location of Mongolia Area as part of the Republic of China (claim only)
CapitalKulun
 • TypeIndependent country (de facto)
Area of the Republic of China (de jure)
History 
• Mongolia Area claimed by the ROC Provisional Government
1 January 1912
• Established
1912
October 1919
1 March 1921
• Mongolia’s independence recognised by China
20 October
Today part ofChina
∟ Inner Mongolia
Mongolia
Russia
∟ Tuva

Much of the region was subsequently claimed by the Republic of China, which had acquired the legal right to inherit all Qing territories through the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor, as an integral part of the state. This is referred to as "Mongolia Area" to distinguish it from Outer Mongolia.[4][5][6] Most of Outer Mongolia, however, was under the de facto control of the Bogd Khanate, which was largely unrecognized internationally. The Republic of China briefly established de facto rule over most of the region from 1919 to 1921. After the Mongolian People's Republic was founded in 1924, the Nationalist government of China de jure recognized Mongolian independence in 1946 under Soviet pressure,[7] though this recognition was later rescinded by the Kuomintang government in 1953,[c] which had retreated to Taiwan because of continued Soviet support to the Chinese communists.[10] The People's Republic of China continued recognition of the Mongolian People's Republic since 1949, and has established full diplomatic relations with Mongolia.[11]

  1. ^ Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (South Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.
  2. ^ Ц.Цэрэндорж (2016). "Ар Монгол" (in Mongolian). Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь.
  3. ^ "History of Mongolia". Embassy of Mongolia in Washington.
  4. ^ Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. ISBN 9780742578159. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  5. ^ Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 憲法何以中國. City University of HK Press. p. 190. ISBN 9789629373214. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  6. ^ Gao, Quanxi (2016). 政治憲法與未來憲制. City University of HK Press. p. 273. ISBN 9789629372910. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  7. ^ Friters, Gerard M (1974). Outer Mongolia and its International Position. New York: Octagon Books. JSTOR 211232.
  8. ^ "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year". Taipei Times. 11 October 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on 3 Oct, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country – 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.
  9. ^ "有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料" [Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Mainland Affairs Council. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  10. ^ "Taiwan Veto Likely; Taipei Regime May Again Bar Outer Mongolia From U.N.", The New York Times, 22 April 1961, archived from the original on 22 July 2018, retrieved 5 February 2008
  11. ^ "China-Mongolia Boundary" (PDF). International Boundary Study (173). The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2008-06-16.


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